Physical Science Chapter 4 Study Guide

What did the Ancient Greeks believe matter was made of?

5 elements: air, earth, water, fire, universe (aether)

What were scientists referred to back then?

alchemists

What were alchemists' main purpose?

they tried to turn low value materials like lead into high value materials like gold

What did Robert Boyle do?

started the transition from alchemy to chemistry

What did he write and what did it include?

The Skeptical Chemyst - called for experimentation

What theory for matter did he reject? What did he believe was true concerning matter?

Greeks’ 5 matter theory; could change one element into another

What did Antoine Lavoisier demonstrate?

combustion requires oxygen, meaning that fire is not an element, since it needed something else to exist

What important thing did he make?

first list of elements which had 33 elements

What did Jacob Berzelius develop?

a system of symbols for naming the elements, using 1-2 letters of each element’s Latin name, combined element symbols to represent compounds, small numbers at end to represent number of different element atoms each compound

What did Johann Döbereiner discover? What did he call them?

elements come in groups of 3 with similar properties; triads

What did John Newlands do? What did he discover?

Arranged elements in order by atomic mass; every 8th element had similar parts

What law did he make? What did it entail?

Law of Octaves; every 8th element is similar

What else did he make?

earliest form of the Periodic Law

What did Dmitri Mendeleev do?

organized the elements in a table, arranged elements in columns by increasing atomic mass, left blanks where he predicted that new elements would be discovered

What did Henry Moseley do?

developed a way to determine the atomic number for each element, led to the arrangement of elements on the basis of increasing atomic number, which in turn updated Periodic Law, letting modern scientists make the Periodic table

What is the periodic law?

the law that stated that the properties of the elements vary with their atomic numbers in a regular, repeated pattern

What is the periodic table?

a table of chemical elements arranged to display their periodic properties in relation to their atomic numbers

What is a family?

a column of elements in the periodic table having similar valence electron arrangement, resulting in similar chemical properties; also known as a group

What are valence electrons?

the electrons in the outermost energy level

what is a period?

a row in the periodic table of elements; also called a series

What is the first column in the periodic table called?

alkali metals

What is the 2nd row in the periodic table called?

alkaline-earth metals

What are rows 3 to 12 in the periodic table called?

transition metals

What is row 13 called in the periodic table?

Boron family

What is row 14 called in the periodic table?

Carbon family

What is row 15 called in the periodic table?

Nitrogen family

What is row 16 called in the periodic table?

Oxygen family

What is row 17 called in the periodic table?

halogens

What is row 18 called in the periodic table?

noble gases

What do boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, and polonium belong to?

metalloids

what do Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur Selenium Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon Tennessine Oganesson belong to?

nonmetals

what is a metal?

an element that is typically dense, solid, ductile, malleable, highly conductive, and chemically reactive, especially in the presence of nonmetals

what is a metalloid?

an element with characteristics between those of metals and nonmetals; aka semi-conductors

what is a nonmetal? an element that typically had 4 or more valence electrons and that

does not exhibit the general properties of metals

what is an alkali metal? has 1 valence electron that

it can easily lose to form

a 1+ cation, making it extremely reactive

what is an alkaline earth metal? has 2 valence electrons

that it tend to lose easily and become a 2+ cation,

making it very reactive

what is a transition metal? usually have 1 or 2 valence

electrons, which are easily lost, resulting in cations

with 1+ or 2+

what is an inner transition metal? member of either the lanthanide or actinide series

what is a halogen? easily gain an electron,

forming a 1- anion, causing them to be extremely

reactive

what is a noble gas? non-reactive atoms, since

they have 8 valence electrons

why does helium only have 2 electrons? the 1st ring can only hold 2

electrons