Plant Systematics Exam 2

*

• Actinomorphic

x

• zygomorphic

P

• perianth (petals and sepals)

K

• calyx (sepals)

C

• corolla (petals)

A

• Androecium (Anthers)

G

• gynoecium

G (line above)

• Ovary inferior

G

• Ovary superior

+

• Two sets of organs in a whorl

∞

• more than 12, or variable

⃝⃝

• Fusion within whorl (connate)

Curved arrow

• fusion between whorls (adnate)

merosity

• Number of organs presetn within a single whorl or cycle of a plant structure.

dehiscent vs. indehiscent

• dehiscent- open up at maturity

• indehiscent- stay closed

Accessory fruits

• Significant portion of the edible flesh develops from non ovary plant tissues

• Ex. Strawberry

Aggregate

• Flower with multple pistils

Simple fruits

• develop from single ovary of a single flower

• Can be dry (Dehiscent- peas or beans or indehiscent- corn or nuts )

• can be fleshy - ovary wall becomes thick and juicy- peaches or plums

Paratisim

• Plants grow roots into their host

• Relies on host to obtain water and nutrients

Myrtaceae

• Order: Myrtales

• Higher classification: Eudicots, rosids, angiosperms

• flower structure: Actinomorphic with hypanthium; sepals and petals 4-5; many stamens free or fused

• Apomorphies: leaves have oil glands, very aromatic; nectary disk on top of ovary or inside flower

• Common growth habits: tree and shrubs

• Global distribution: Southern Hemisphere; Gondwanan distribution

• Two examples: cloves and eucalyptus

Rosaceae (Order, Higher classification, Flower structure, apomorphies, growth habits, global distribution, examples)

• Order: Rosales

• Higher classification: Angiosperm, eudicot, rosids

• flower structure: Actinomorphic 5 sepals and 5 petals, perianth is 5 merous, hypanthium

• Apomorphies: numerous stamens; stipules at each leaf; showy petals for insect pollination

• Common growth habits: Herbaceous or woody; often trees or shrubs

• Global distribution: cosmopolitan except Antarctica

• Two examples: Rose and apple

Rubiaceae

• Order: Gentaniales

• Higher classification: Eudicots, astrids, angiosperms

• flower structure: Actinomorphic; sepals (0) 4-5 fused at base; petals 4-5 (corolla often trumpet shaped); stamens are 4-5; inferior ovary

• Apomorphies: Leaves opposite, simple; interpetiolar stipules; inflorescence cymose or flowers solitary

• Common growth habits: Herbs, shrubs or trees

• Global distribution: Cosmopolitan except Antarctica

• Two examples: coffee and West Indian Jasmine

Aggregates of small

• Characteristics of larger leaves

• thinner leaves

• High photosynthetic rate

• high phosphorus and nitrogen

• short-lived

• Characteristics of smaller leaves

• thicker leaves

• low photosynthetic rate

• high carbon

• long-lived

• well-defined

merosity

• number of component parts (such as sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels) present in a single whorl or cycle of a flower's structure

Ancestral vs derived states of flowering plants (Floral Symmetry, Fusion of Parts, Number of Organs, Flower Size)

• Ancestral: Actinomorphic symmetry, Unfused parts, Organs are Many and indefinite, large individual flowers

• Derived: Zygomorphic, fused parts, few and definite organs, smaller flower size

How pollinators are influenced by the patter of floral evolution

• Zygomorphic flowers constrain pollinators to a single orientation

• -Leads to more precise pollen placement and removal

• - Requires smaller pollinators, but can exclude some pollinators

• Smaller flowers are more attraction to insect pollinators

• White colors= good for moths (easier to see at night)

What are fruits

• Mature ovaries

• ovules in the fruit become seeds

• the ovary wall develops into a structure called pericarp (ovary wall)

How does weather affect leaf size and characteristics

• Larger leaves occur in hot, sunny environments

• smaller leaves occur in arid and stressful environments

• Waxy or wooly leaves also occur in arid and stressful environments

Obligate vs Facultative paratism

• Facultative: can live without host

• Obligate: Must have host, two kinds: hemiparasite(photosynthetic and reliant on host) and holoparasite (dependent on host for energy and carbon; not photosynthetic)

Carnivory in flowering plants

• distributed among at least 11 different taxonomic families and diverse range of fascinating prey capture

• Examples: pitfall traps, sticky traps, snap traps, suction traps and lobster pot traps

• Evolves in low nutrient environment

• - low pH soils-bogs

• Venus flytraps rely on habitats periodically burned by fire

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DNA and classification

• APG 5- nuclear and plastid DNA give different trees