integumentary system

Integument Definition and Combining Form

Membrane covering the body; Integ/o

Integument Structures

Skin, nails, hair, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

Dermatology

Area of medicine specializing in the study of skin and skin disorders

Skin Functions (6)

Protect from bacteria, viruses, and UV radiation; Prevent injury and water loss; Store food and water; Regulate body temperature through blood dilation and sweat (to cool) and blood constriction (to heat); Sense pain, touch, heat, cold, and pressure; Secrete sweat (to control temperature and eliminate waste) and secrete sebum/oil (to prevent dehydration of skin).

Skin Size

It is >3000in2 and up to 6lbs in adults, making it the largest organ in the body

Sweat Glands

Glands that secrete sweat located throughout the body everywhere except lips, tip of penis, and the area around the clitoris

Types of Sweat Glands

Merocrine releases sweat directly throughout the surface of the body, most prevalent in the palms of the hand and soles of the feet. Apocrine secretes sweat into hair follicles post puberty in axillae, around the nipples, and in the groin.

Sweat

Consists of water, salt, and chemicals, making it odorless until it interacts with bacteria on the skin

Sebaceous Glands

Oil/Sebum-secreting glands controlled by the endocrine system located in the skin. Age, disease, puberty, and pregnancy can impact the quantity of sebum produced.

Skin Layers

Epidermis and Dermis

Epidermis Layers and Features

Stratum Germinativum - deepest layer, stores melanin, and generates new skin cells. Stratum Spinosum - spiny layer, contains Langerhans cells. Stratum Granulosum - formed from keratin. Stratum Licudum - formed from keratin. Stratum Corneum - most superficial layer, composed of dead skin cells to protect underlying layers

Melanin

Pigment that colors the skin

Keratin

Protein that forms hair, nails, and the thick skin on the palms of hands and soles of feet

Langerhans Cells

Cells that protect the skin from invading microorganisms

Dermis

Made of connective tissue; contains “No, Never Ever Beat Sweet Lazy Swine, Harry!” Nerves, Nerve Endings, Elastic Fibers, Blood Vessels, Sweat Glands, Lymphatics, Sebaceous Glands, and Hair Follicles

Skin Sign

Objective evidence of an illness or disorder that can be seen, measured, or felt

Types of Skin Signs with Examples (7)

1. Macule - flat, discolored spot, ex. Freckle, mole. 2. Wheal - Localized, itchy, temporary elevation, ex. Urticaria, hives. 3. Papule - solid, confined elevation, ex. Pimple 4. Vesicle - small fluid filled sac, ex. Blister, Bulla 5. Pustule - small, confined, elevated, pus-filled lesion, ex. Varicella, pimple 6. Ulcer - erosion of healthy tissue, ex. Decubitus ulcer. 7. Fissure - crack-like slit extending through epidermis to dermis.

Hair

A string-like structure consisting of a root (embedded in hair follicle) and a shaft (visible portion) developed from a hair follicle located throughout the body except for palms, soles, and penis.

Arrector Pili

Hair muscle attached to the follicle that contracts when cold or when an emotional reaction forms goosebumps

Factors That May Change Hair

1. Age can cause thinning and a reduction of melanin (causing grey hair). 2. Hormones may cause increased hair growth in the face (women) or ears, nose, and eyebrows (men). 3. Genetics determine hair color (from melanin)

Nails

Hard keratins structures consisting of a nail bed and nail root located at the ends of the fingers and toes

Organizational Structure of Nails

1. Nail Body - visible portion of nail covering nail bed. 2. Nail Bed - pink epithelial tissue deep to the nail body, color from blood vessels. 3. Nail Root - fold of epithelial tissue, not visible. 4. Eponychium - cuticle, small portion of epithelial fold that extends over the base of the nail body 5. Lunula - crescent shaped area at the base of the nail, color from compression of blood vessels 6. Free Edge - Top portion of the nail body that projects over the tip of the finger or toe that grows at a rate of 1mm per week

Label this image

1. Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Subcutaneous Layer 4. Sweat Gland 5. Sensory Receptor 6. Sebaceous Gland 7. Arrector Pili Muscle 8. Hair 9. Nerve 10. Vein 11. Artery

Acr/o

Extremity

Aden/o

Gland

Albin/o, Leuk/o

White

Angi/o

Vessel

Caus/o

Burn; burning

Cellul/o

Little cell

Cutane/o, Derm/a, dermat/o

Skin

Erythr/o

Red

Follicul/o

Little bag

Hidr/o

Sweat

Icter/o

Jaundice

Integument/o

A covering

Kel/o

Tumor

Kerat/o

Horn

Melan/o

Black

Myc/o

Fungus

Onych/o

Nail

Pachy/o

Thick

BCC

Basal cell carcinoma

BX, bx

Biopsy

C&S

Culture & Sensitivity

Decub

Decubitus Ulcer

Derm

Dermatology

HSV

Herpes Simplex Virus

I&D

Incision & Drainage

ID

Intradermal

MM

Malignant melanoma

PPD

Purified protein derivative

SCC

Squamous cell carcinoma

SG

Skin graft

STSG

Split thickness skin graft

Subq

Subcutaneous

Abrasion

Skin injury resulting in removal of superficial layers of skin

Abscess

Pus-filled sac in the skin; collection of pus

Albin/ism

Genetic condition of partial or complete lack of pigment in the skin, hair, eyes

An/hidr/osis

Inability to sweat

Autograft

Healthy tissue taken from one part of a patient that has been transferred to another part of the same patient

A/vuls/ion

Process of pulling away from;a body part forcibly torn off

Bi/opsy

Surgical procedure to remove a piece of tissue to evaluate under a microscope

Bulla

A large blister

Cauterization

Intentional destruction of tissue by a caustic chemical, electric current, laser, or freezing

Cyst

Fluid-filled sac in the skin

Chem/abrasion

Removal of superficial layers of skin using chemicals

Comedo

Blackhead

Contusion

Blunt trauma resulting in bruises without breaking the skin

Cryo/surgery

Using extreme cold to freeze and destroy tissue

Culture and Sensitivity

Test to determine the type of bacteria causing an infection and its sensitivity to different antibiotics

Debridement

Removal of foreign material and dead or damaged tissue from a wound

Dehiscence

When the edges of a wound reopen and separate during healing

Derm/abrasion

Removal of superficial layers of skin using sandpaper or rotating wire brushes

Dermat/ologist

A physician who specializes in the study of the skin

Eryth/ema

Redness of the skin.

Eschar

Scab, slough.

Exudate

Oozing of pus or serum.

Keloid

A raised scar caused by excessive collagen

Laceration

A wound with a jagged edge, typically caused by trauma.

Lesion

General term indicating any type of abnormality in the skin

Necr/osis

Area of tissue death.

Nevus

Pigmented blemish, birthmark, or mole.

Nodule

Solid, raised area of skin cells

Onych/ia

Inflamed nail bed

Petechiae

Flat, pinpoint, purplish spots from bleeding underneath the skin

Pruritus

Severe itching

Purpura

Bruises that occur in older adults with thin, easily damaged skin.

Pyogenic

Producing pus

Seborrhea

Oil discharge from the sebaceous glands

Skin graft

Transfer of healthy skin to cover another damaged area.

Trichophagia

Hair eating

Urticaria

Skin eruption of pale reddish wheals with severe itching; hives.

Ungal

Pertaining to the nail