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Electrical Energy
An indispensable ingredient of our technological society.
Potential
A key concept crucial for understanding how electric circuits work.
Work Done
The work done by a force is given by a line integral over the displacement.
Work-Energy Theorem
The change in kinetic energy during a displacement equals the total work done on the particle.
Electric Potential Energy
The work done by the electric field can be calculated as the product of force magnitude and displacement.
Coulomb’s Law
Gives the force between charged particles: F = [1 / (4 π ε0)] [qq0 / r²].
Electric Potential Energy of Two Point Charges
Given by U = [1 / (4 π ε0)] [qq0 / r], proportional to (1/r).
Equipotential Surface
A three-dimensional surface where the electric potential is the same at every point.
Voltage
The difference in electric potential between two points, measured in volts.
Electron Volt
A unit of energy equal to the energy gained by a charge of one coulomb moved through an electric potential difference of one volt.
Potential Gradient
Describes the relationship between electric field and potential, defined as E = -∇V.
Note 
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