AP Psycology Unit 2 (AI)
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71 Terms
William James
Founded functionalism; emphasized how mental processes help people adapt. Introduced the stream of consciousness.
John Locke
Proposed tabula rasa (blank slate), the idea that knowledge comes from experience rather than being innate.
John B. Watson
Founded behaviorism, emphasizing observable behavior and how the environment shapes learning.
Ivan Pavlov
Discovered classical conditioning, in which organisms learn through associations between stimuli.
B. F. Skinner
Studied operant conditioning, in which behavior is shaped through reinforcement and punishment.
Sigmund Freud
Developed psychoanalysis, emphasizing unconscious motives, internal conflicts, and childhood experiences.
Abraham Maslow
Humanistic psychologist who developed the hierarchy of needs and emphasized self-actualization.
Carl Rogers
Humanistic psychologist who emphasized unconditional positive regard and personal growth.
Martin Seligman
Major founder of positive psychology, which studies happiness, strengths, and human flourishing.
Charles Darwin
Developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, influencing evolutionary psychology.
Ulric Neisser
Important figure in the cognitive revolution; helped establish cognitive psychology.
Functionalism
an early school of thought that studies what the mind and behavior do, focusing on how mental processes help humans and animals adapt to their environment. It views thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as tools that evolved to help people survive, reproduce, and solve real-world problems
Behavioral Perspective
Focuses on observable behaviors and how they are learned through conditioning, reinforcement, and punishment.
Cognitive Perspective
Studies mental processes such as thinking, memory, perception, language, and problem-solving, and how they influence behavior.
Biological Perspective
Examines how the brain, nervous system, hormones, and genetics influence behavior.
Evolutionary Perspective
Studies how natural selection shaped behavioral tendencies that helped ancestors survive and reproduce.
Social-Cultural Perspective
Examines how social interactions, cultural norms, and societal expectations influence behavior.
Humanistic Perspective
Emphasizes free will, personal growth, individual potential, and self-actualization.
Psychodynamic Perspective
Emphasizes how unconscious motives, internal conflicts, and childhood experiences influence behavior.
Positive Psychology
Scientifically studies happiness, resilience, personal strengths, well-being, and flourishing.
Structuralism
Attempted to identify the basic elements of conscious experience through introspection.
Stream of Consciousness
The continuous and constantly changing flow of thoughts, feelings, and sensations.
Tabula Rasa
The belief that the mind begins as a blank slate and knowledge develops through experience.
Empiricism
The belief that knowledge is acquired through observation and sensory experience.
Free Will
The ability to make choices rather than having behavior completely determined by outside forces.
Self-Actualization
The process of realizing one's full potential.
Unconditional Positive Regard
Accepting and valuing someone without making that acceptance dependent on their behavior.
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory and treatment approach emphasizing unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences.
Unconscious Mind
Mental processes, thoughts, and desires outside conscious awareness that can influence behavior.
Repression
An unconscious defense mechanism that keeps distressing thoughts or memories out of awareness.
Classical Conditioning
Learning through association when a neutral stimulus comes to trigger a response after being paired with another stimulus.
Operant Conditioning
Learning in which the consequences of behavior affect how likely that behavior is to occur again.
Reinforcement
A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
Punishment
A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
Natural Selection
The process by which inherited traits that improve reproductive success become more common across generations.
Adaptation
An inherited characteristic shaped by natural selection because it improved survival or reproduction.
Nature
Genetic and inherited biological influences on behavior and development.
Nurture
Environmental influences, including experiences, culture, education, and upbringing.
Cognitive Revolution
A movement during the 1950s–1960s that renewed scientific interest in mental processes and information processing.
Resilience
The ability to adapt and recover from adversity or difficult experiences.
Flourishing
A state of well-being involving meaning, positive relationships, engagement, and healthy functioning.
Social Norms
Shared expectations about appropriate behavior within a group or society.
Peer Pressure
Social influence from peers that encourages someone to change their attitudes or behavior.