Exam 3 Intro to research iclickers

What is the concept that captures the accuracy of a standardized test, or its ability to correctly diagnose and correctly identify normal functioning?

A. Effect sizes

B. Sensitivity and specificity

C. Type 1 error

D. Type 2 error

B. Sensitivity and specificity

What is the statistical concept related to incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis? In other words, which of these terms is a risk for scientists who are incentivized to only report significant results?

A. Effect sizes

B. Sensitivity and specificity

C. Type 1 error

D. Type 2 error

C. Type 1 error

What is the part of an academic paper that appears after the Results section?

A. The Method section

B. The Analysis section

C. The Discussion section

D. The Conclusion

C. The Discussion section

Which of the following should be included in a Discussion? Select all that apply.

A. The descriptive and inferential statistics determined from the sample

B. A discussion of the results as they relate to the population of interest

C. A discussion of the studies that appear important based on the results

but were not included in the Introduction

D. Clinical Implications

E. Advice for future research

B,D, and E

Which of the following best captures the inferential statistical result of our speech-in-noise experiment?

A. Students correctly answered more questions with no noise

compared to low-noise and high-noise conditions

B. Students correctly answered more questions with the low-noise

condition compared to the no-noise and high-noise conditions

C. There was no significant difference in the number of questions

correctly answered across speech-in-noise conditions

A. Students correctly answered more questions with no noise compared to low-noise and high-noise conditions

You are a researcher studying treatments for dysphagia. In a recent study of effortful swallow therapy, you found that patients with dysphagia randomly assigned to receive effortful swallow therapy had an average of .45 visits to the hospital in the six months following the therapy. Patients randomly assigned to therapy as usual had an average of .68 visits to the hospital during the same period. The means were significantly different. What is an appropriate clinical implication of your study?

A. Effortful swallow therapy reduces dysphagia symptoms compared to therapy as usual

B. Effortful swallow therapy reduces hospital visits compared to therapy as usual for

patients with dysphagia

C. Effortful swallow therapy cures dysphagia for many patients compared to therapy as

usual

D. All of the above

B. Effortful swallow therapy reduces hospital visits compared to therapy as usual for patients with dysphagia

A researcher recently completed a study of effortful swallow exercises in adults over 75 with oropharyngeal dysphagia. Although she found the exercises to improve movement of the hyoid bone during swallowing, she believes that the results with respect to coughing would have been stronger if she had had more participants. Where in her manuscript should she mention this concern?

A. Introduction

B. Participants

C. Analyses

D. Results

E. Discussion

E. Discussion

Who sets the guidelines for a research article?

A. The professor leading the researchers’ class

B. In the United States, the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health

C. The journal to which the article is submitted

D. The university to which the article is submitted

C. The journals to which the article is submitted

A scientist gets paid directly for every research report they write that is accepted for publication.

A. True

B. False

B. False

Which of the following is a recent improvement in the peer review process made possible by technologies such as the internet?

A. Blinding of both reviewers and authors during peer review

B. Multiple rounds of peer review for manuscripts that need it

C. Most people acting in the peer review system are unpaid

D. Research data are available to the entire scientific community

D. Research data are available to the entire scientific community

Based on the APA flowchart for publication, which of the following steps can an editor take immediately after receiving a manuscript?

Select all that apply.

A. Reject the manuscript

B. Move the manuscript forward for peer review

C. If the editor is a peer, they can review it themselves

D. Accept the manuscript for publication

A. Reject the manuscript

B. Move the manuscript forward for peer review

Based on the APA flowchart for publication, which of the following steps can an editor take after a manuscript has been reviewed by at least two peers of the author(s)? Select all that apply.

A. Reject the manuscript

B. Accept the manuscript for publication

C. Send feedback and require revisions that only the editor will see

D. Send feedback and require revisions before another round of peer review

All are possible

Who can be blinded as part of the peer-review process? Select all that apply.

A. The authors of a manuscript can be blinded in terms of who reviews the

manuscript

B. The peer reviewers of a manuscript can be blinded in terms of who wrote

the manuscript

Both are correct

Which of the following best describes the guidelines that apply to scholarly student writing?

A. For a grade

B. The peer review system

C. A course instructor’s grading rubric

D. The style guide of the American Psychological Association

D. The style guide of the American Psychological Association

Which of the following forms of research-based writing can be completed by undergraduate students? Select all that apply.

A. Master’s thesis

B. Cause-and-effect essay

C. Dissertation

D. Honors thesis

E. Article summary

B, D, and E

Which of the following best captures the ethical problems with the research that developed “HeLa” cells?

A. Henrietta Lacks and her family did not benefit as much as researchers and others from the “HeLa” cells

B. Henrietta Lacks was killed by the doctor at Johns Hopkins who extracted her cervical “HeLa” cells

C. Henrietta Lacks was not given the treatment created from her extracted “HeLa” cells that would have saved her life

D. All of the above

A. Henrietta Lacks and her family did not benefit as much as researchers and others from the “HeLa” cells

RCT to study a laser treatment for leaky blood vessels in the eyes of people with diabetes

• Which of the following questions would relate to “respect of persons” when considering this RCT?

A. What are the benefits of stopping leaky blood vessels?

B. What are the risks of cauterizing retinal tissue with a laser?

C. What if people other than those with diabetes could benefit from the laser treatment?

D. Are participants in the RCT adequately informed of the risks?

D. Are participants in the RCT adequately informed of the risks?

RCT to study a laser treatment for leaky blood vessels in the eyes of people with diabetes

• Which of the following questions would relate to “justice” when considering this RCT? Select all that apply.

A. What are the benefits of stopping leaky blood vessels?

B. What are the risks of cauterizing retinal tissue with a laser?

C. What if people other than those with diabetes could benefit from the laser treatment?

D. Are participants in the RCT adequately informed of the risks?

C. What if people other than those with diabetes could benefit from the laser treatmebt?

In Milgram’s obedience experiments, participants were not informed that the “learner” was not given real shocks. They were led to believe the shocks were real. What ethical principle from the Belmont Report is being challenged?

A. Respect of persons

B. Beneficence

C. Justice

A. Respect of persons

what procedure is associated with the ethical principle of “Respect of Persons” established in the Belmont Report?

A. Weigh the risks and benefits

B. Ensure the risks and benefits are equitably or “randomly” distributed

C. Human subjects must give informed consent

D. Report unethical research to the appropriate authorities

C. human subjects must give informed consent

Which of the following best describes the mechanism for how IRBs approve or deny a researcher’s plans for research?

A. CITI training

B. The Belmont Report

C. Research Progress Reports and “Modifications”

D. Research Protocols

D. research protocols

Which of the following best describes the mechanism for how IRBs keep track of a researcher’s studies including progress and adverse events?

A. CITI training

B. The Belmont Report

C. Research Progress Reports and “Modifications”

D. Research Protocols

C. Research progress reports and modifications

A researcher can have a research protocol approved by an IRB for many studies that use a similar methodology. For example, a researcher who studies eye gaze in children with autism spectrum disorder using eye-tracking technology could run many eye-tracking studies with children with autism under the same research protocol.

A. True

B. False

A. True

What procedure is associated with the ethical principle of “Justice” established in the Belmont Report?

A. Weigh the risks and benefits

B. Ensure the risks and benefits are equitably or “randomly” distributed

C. Human subjects must give informed consent

D. Report unethical research to the appropriate authorities

B. Ensure the risks and benefits are equitably or “randomly” distributed

Which of the following institutions is likely to have an IRB? Select all that apply.

A. Universities

B. Hospitals

C. Libraries

D. Drug companies

A, B,D

Rahul Kukreti is conducting a study to examine the effects of a new device that may reduce stuttering. The device is worn in the ear, and it sends a high-frequency signal through the auditory nerve. Although this high-frequency signal may cause deafness when people are continuously exposed over many years, the device only emits the signal briefly when the wearer starts to talk. Rahul believes the device may reduce 50-70% of speech disfluencies. Which of the following could be considered a “risk” in Rahul’s study?

A. The device is worn in the ear

B. The high-frequency signal emitted by the device can cause deafness

C. The device is targeted at people who stutter

D. The device may reduce 50-70% of speech disfluencies

B. The high-frequency signal emitted by the device can cause deafness

Rahul Kukreti is conducting a study to examine the effects of a new device that may reduce stuttering. The device is worn in the ear, and it sends a high-frequency signal through the auditory nerve. Although this high-frequency signal may cause deafness when people are continuously exposed over many years, the device only emits the signal briefly when the wearer starts to talk. Rahul believes the device may reduce 50-70% of speech dysfluencies. Which ethical principle asks us to consider both the risk of deafness and the benefits of reduced dysfluencies?

A. Respect of Persons

B. Beneficence

C. Justice

B. Beneficence

What is the difference between assent and permission? Choose the best description.

A. Assent is obtained from a child whereas permission is obtained from a legal adult over the age of 17

B. Assent is obtained from a legal adult over the age of 17 whereas permission is obtained from a child

C. Assent is obtained from a child whereas permission is obtained from the child’s parent or guardian

D. Assent is obtained from a child’s parent or guardian whereas permission is obtained from the child

C. Assent is obtained from a child whereas permission is obtained from the child’s parent or guardian

The term “human subjects” only refers to research related to human behavior or activities that are measured. It does not refer to blood or body tissue samples.

A. True

B. False

B. False