MIDTERM FOR PATHO

Oxygen therapy protocol

Guidelines for administering oxygen to patients with respiratory complications.

Bronchopulmonary hygiene protocol

Strategies used to maintain pulmonary health and clear secretions.

Aerosolized medication therapy protocol

Protocol for delivering medication in aerosol form to treat airway conditions.

Lung expansion therapy protocol

Used to treat atelectasis by promoting lung inflation.

Mechanical ventilation protocol

Guidelines for providing mechanical assistance for breathing.

Mechanical ventilation weaning protocol

Processes involved in gradually reducing mechanical ventilatory support.

When are aerosolized medications appropriate?

When a rapid, targeted treatment of the airways is needed.

4 types of hypoxias

Hypoxic, anemic, circulatory, and histotoxic hypoxia.

Hypoxic Hypoxia

Inadequate oxygen in tissue cells caused by low PaO2.

Anemic Hypoxia

Normal PaO2, but inadequate oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin.

Circulatory Hypoxia

Inadequate blood flow to tissue cells, failing to meet oxygen needs.

Histotoxic Hypoxia

Impaired ability of tissue cells to metabolize oxygen.

Carbon monoxide poisoning

CO binds to hemoglobin, inhibiting oxygen transport and utilization.

Normal CO levels

Normal CO levels range from 1-3%, while poisoning is considered at >20%.

pH level for ABG interpretation

Normal pH range is from 7.35 to 7.45.

PCO2 normal levels

Normal PCO2 should be between 35-45 mmHg.

ABG HCO3 levels

Normal bicarbonate (HCO3) levels range from 22-26 mEq/L.

Upper airway thermal injury indication

Inspiratory stridor indicates airway swelling.

What does orthopnea indicate?

Breathlessness while lying down, often in COPD or heart failure.

Emphysema characteristics

Includes high CO retention, dyspnea, pursed-lip breathing, and barrel chest.

Chronic bronchitis definition

Chronic productive cough for 3 months in 2 successive years.

Lung cancer staging

TNM classification for assessing tumor extent, lymph node involvement, and metastasis.

P wave on EKG

Represents depolarization of the atria during a heartbeat.

QRS wave

Represents depolarization of the ventricles.

T wave on EKG

Indicates repolarization of the ventricles.

What is dead space ventilation?

Ventilation that occurs without corresponding perfusion.

Management options for post-op patients with low SpO2

Include optimizing oxygenation, lung expansion, and clearing secretions.

PFT purpose

Pulmonary Function Tests assess lung disease and pulmonary symptoms.

What are cultures and sensitivities?

Procedures to identify and treat bacterial or fungal infections.

What is the function of the SA node?

Generates impulses for normal heartbeat as the primary pacemaker.

What happens in a heart attack on EKG?

Elevated ST segment indicating reduced blood and oxygen supply to myocardial tissue.

Lub (S1) sound

Occurs during ventricular contraction when tricuspid and mitral valves close.

Dub (S2) sound

Occurs during ventricular relaxation when pulmonic and aortic valves close.

Mucous plugging causes what pulmonary disorder?

Atelectasis due to severe asthma.

Common cause of lung abscess

Aspiration pneumonia.

3 ways to check for tuberculosis

Chest X-ray, acid-fast bacilli test, and QuantiFERON test.

What are treatments for lung abscess?

Surgical drainage and antibiotics.