HDO

Manipulation of the independent variable

In an experiment on the effects of writing on health, instructing participants to write about traumatic or neutral experiences.

Random assignment

Placing participants into experimental and control groups randomly to avoid bias.

Experimental control

Ensuring factors other than the independent variable do not influence the experiment's outcome.

Experimental group

Receives the variable being tested; Control group:Does not receive any treatment.

Post-test only control group design

Measures the dependent variable after manipulating the independent variable.

Pre-test/post-test control group design

Measures the dependent variable before and after manipulating the independent variable.

Factorial design

Studying two or more independent variables in a single experiment.

2 x 2 factorial design

Design with 2 independent variables, each with 2 levels.

Field experiment

Conducted in a natural setting, allowing observation of behavior in real-life situations.

Internal validity

Ensures that the independent variable, not other factors, is responsible for the outcome.

External validity

Generalizing experimental findings to other settings, populations, and time periods.

Selection bias

Present when variables are not randomly assigned, influencing the study's outcome.

Reactive measurement effects

Participants alter behavior when aware of being observed, threatening external validity.

Manipulation checks

Procedures to confirm the intended effect of manipulating the independent variable.

Surveys

Research method using close-ended questions to gather quantitative data from a large sample.

Description

Presenting data to provide an overview of observations.

Explanation

Exploring causal relationships between factors.

Cross-sectional survey design

Collecting data at a single point in time.

Longitudinal survey design

Collecting data from the same individuals over multiple time points.

Face-to-face data collection

Direct interaction with respondents to gather information.

Web-based data collection

Administering surveys online, cost-effective but may introduce biases.

Probability sample

Allows statistical inferences about the broader population.

Survey limitations

Sampling bias, poor question design, and response bias.

Low response rate

Leads to non-representative samples and compromises survey validity.

Principles for good survey questions

Clarity, relevance, unbiased, specificity, consistency, and sensitivity.

Ethnographic Research

Involves facilitating trust, access, credibility, insider perspectives, and ethical conduct to enhance data validity and reliability.

Reflexivity

Researchers reflect on how their characteristics and experiences influence the research process, crucial in qualitative research for understanding biases.

Rich Data Collection

Ethnography provides rich and detailed data, holistic understanding, contextual sensitivity, flexibility, and insider perspectives.

Time Intensive

Ethnography can be time-consuming, as seen in the Calarco study where observations were conducted for around 2 years.

Interviews

Research method involving open-ended questions, flexibility, and aiming to yield rich information on participants' experiences.

Semi-Structured Interview

An interview with specific objectives but some interviewer freedom, like having set questions but adapting based on responses.

Focus Group

Research method where a group discussion is moderated to collect data, allowing observation of social interactions but adding reactivity.

Interview Coding

Analyzing interview data by sorting responses into categories represented by words, an example of inductive logical reasoning.

Ethnographic Observation vs

Ethnography provides direct interaction and detailed information, while interviews allow in-depth conversations.

Combining Methods

Combining interviews and observations in a study can provide a comprehensive understanding of the data and maximize findings.