industrial revolution

Industry

the production of goods.

Crop rotation

Changing which crops are grown in a field each year to keep soil fertile and improve harvests.

seed drill

A machine that plants seeds in neat rows at an even depth, reducing waste and increasing crop yields.

Watt steam engine

improved steam engine, which powered factory machines and transportation

Spinning Jenny

A machine that let one worker spin several threads at once, making yarn production much faster.

Cotton gin

A machine invented by Eli Whitney that quickly separated seeds from cotton fiber. It increased cotton production and helped expand slavery in the United States.

Urbanization

The growth of cities as people move there, often to find factory jobs.

Slums

Crowded, poor neighborhoods with unsafe housing and few services.

Pollution

Harmful substances released into the air, water, or land, including smoke and factory waste.

Public health

The health and safety of a whole community, including clean water, sanitation, and disease prevention.

Labor unions

Worker organizations that join together to seek better pay, safer conditions, and shorter hours.

Laissez-faire

The idea that businesses and the economy should have little government interference

Capitalism

An economic system in which individuals own businesses and property, and businesses compete to earn profits.

Socialism

An economic system in which the government or community controls some important industries and resources to reduce inequality.

Communism

An ideal system in which property and resources are shared by everyone and social classes do not exist. In practice, communist governments have usually controlled the economy.

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

England had coal and iron, money to invest, growing markets for goods, and ports and rivers for shipping. Agricultural improvements produced more food and freed some workers from farm labor. England also had a growing workforce, inventors, and a stable government that supported business.

What were the pros and cons of growing industry

Factories made goods faster and cheaper, created jobs, encouraged inventions, and expanded transportation and trade BUT ALSO Many workers had low pay, long hours, dangerous jobs, and little job security. Cities became overcrowded, and pollution increased.

What were working and living conditions like

Factory workers often worked long days in hot, noisy, dangerous workplaces. Women and children also worked, often for less pay. Many families lived in crowded city housing with poor sanitation and limited clean water.

How did industry affect the environment and people’s health?

Factories and coal-fired steam engines filled the air with smoke and polluted rivers with waste. Crowded housing and dirty water helped diseases spread. Dangerous work and polluted air also caused injuries and illness.

What reforms helped address these problems

Governments passed laws limiting child labor and reducing working hours. Public health reforms improved sewers, clean-water supplies, and sanitation. Workers formed labor unions to push for better pay, safer workplaces, and shorter hours.

capitalism	Who owns businesses and resources?	Main goal

mostly individuals

/industrialization

the shift from making goods by hand and farming to producing them with machines in factories.the shift from making goods by hand and farming to producing them with machines in factories.

Capitalism

People and businesses own most things and compete to make money. private ownership.

Socialism

The government or community controls some important services and shares resources to help people. sharing more.

Communism

The government controls nearly everything, aiming to make everyone equal. government owns everything.