Biology

What are the 7 characteristics of life?

Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition

What are inorganic compounds?

Chemical compounds that do not contain Carbon and are not produced by living organisms.

What are organic compounds?

Chemical compounds that contain Carbon and are produced by living organisms.

Give 3 functions of Water.

Reagent during hydrolysis, Transporting agent, Lubricant

What are macro nutrients?

Mineral salts needed in large quantities.

What are micro nutrients?

Mineral salts needed in small quantities.

Which macronutrient is a component of ATP?

Phosphorus

What are the macronutrients (specifically mentioned in the book)?

Calcium, Phosporus, Sodium, Potassium

What are the micronutrients (specifically mentioned in the book)?

Iron and Iodine

What does deficiency of calcium do to plants?

Weak root growth

What does deficiency of phosphorus do to plants?

Stunt plant growth

What does deficiency of Potassium do to plants?

Yellow and brown leaf margins.

What does deficiency of Iron do to plants?

Chlorosis

What does deficiency of iodine do to humans?

Goitre

What does deficiency of calcium do to humans?

Rickets for children, Osteoporosis otherwise.

What does deficiency of Sodium do to humans?

Muscle cramps

What does deficiency of Iron do to humans?

Anaemia

What are the functions of Calcium?

Builds strong bones + teeth; necessary for blood coagulation

What are the functions of Phosphorus?

Builds strong bones + teeth; Component of ATP

What are the functions of Sodium?

Important for maintaining water balance in the body; Controls rhythm of the heart

What are the functions of Potassium?

Important for maintaining water balance in the body; Helps regulate heart rhythm

What are the functions of Iron?

Helps form haemoglobin; helps form chlorophyll molecules in plants

What is the function of Iodine?

Component of hormone thyroxin.

What are the monosaccharides?

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

What are the disaccharides and the monosaccharides joined to make them?

Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)
Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose)
Lactose (Glucose + Galactose)

What are the four types of polysaccharides?

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin

What are polysaccharides?

Long chains of monosaccharides that bind to one another by a condensation reaction.

In what form is glucose stored in plants and animals?

Plants: Starch.

Humans and animals: Glycogen, stored in the liver and skeletal muscles.

State the structural functions of cellulose and chitin

Cellulose: forms plant cell walls.

Chitin: forms fungal cell walls and the exoskeletons of arthropods and molluscs.

What is the importance of carbs in animals and plants?

Main energy source
Source of reserve energy
Structural component

What’s the ratio of H to O in Carbs?

2 to 1

What’s the ratio of H to O in Lipids?

More than 2 to 1 i.e >2:1

What does one lipid molecule consist of?

One glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules

What are the properties of lipids?

Insoluble in water
Soluble in ether and alcohol
Hydrophobic

What are saturated fats?

Fats that are mainly derived from animals. Solid at room temperature

What are unsaturated fats?

Fats that are mainly derived from plants. Liquid at room temperature.

What are 3 functions of lipids of animals and plants?

Source of reserve energy
Insulating material
Shock absorption

What are the three types of peptide bonds?

Dipeptides
Tripeptides
Polypeptides

What are the monomers of protein?

Amino acids

What are 3 functions of proteins in animals and plants?

Source of reserve energy
Structural component of cell membranes
Protects body against disease

What are enzymes?

Proteins that accelerate chemical reactions inside living cells.

What are the two types of metabolic reactions?

Anabolic and Catabolic

What digestive enzyme breaks down starch and water into maltose?

Amylase

What digestive enzyme breaks down a lipid and water into glycerol and 3 fatty acids?

Lipase

What digestive enzyme breaks down protein and water into smaller polypeptides?

Protease

What are a substrate and product

Substrate is the substance on which an enzyme acts, product is the substance formed during the reaction

What is an enzyme’s active site?

The region where the substrate binds to the enzyme

What forms when a substrate binds to an enzyme

A temporary enzyme-substrate complex.

How do enzymes affect activation energy?

They lower the activation energy of a reaction.

What happens to a substrate during an enzyme reaction?

It changes chemically into the product and leaves the active site

What happens to an enzyme after a reaction?

It remains unchanged and can bind to another substrate molecule

What are 3 properties of enzymes?

Substrate specific, sensitive to changes in temperature, and sensitive to changes in pH.

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

What is the function of DNA?

Carries hereditary characteristics and controls structure and function of cell.

What is the function of RNA?

Plays a role in protein synthesis to ensure that amino acids bind to one another in a certain sequence according to instructions provided by DNA

What are the 2 ways Vitamins can be classified?

Water-soluble and fat-soluble.

What are the water soluble vitamins?

B and C

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K

What deficiency disease is caused by lack of Vitamin A

night-blindness

What deficiency disease is caused by lack of Vitamin B1

Beri-Beri

What deficiency disease is caused by lack of Vitamin C

Scurvy

What deficiency disease is caused by lack of Vitamin D

rickets