stem cell final

secretory products from living cells

soluble factors, extracellular vesicles, and membrane-less EVs

soluble factors

proteins, neurotransmitters, metabolites

membrane-less EVs (extracellular vesicles)

exomere, supermeres, condesates, chromatomeres

extracellular vesicles

lipid bilayer bound, exosomes, ectosomes/microvesicles, apoptotic bodies

when are apoptotic bodies usually released?

when cell is dying

ectosomes released by different types of cells are _

called by different names

retinoic acid

can differentiate pluirpotent P19 cells into P19 neurons

PNGaseF

reduces size of amino acids

how is purification of exosomes done?

differential centrifugation

what gene is not in exosomes?

tsg101

CD63

gene on cell surface of exosomes

Dil

dye that labels exosomes

UD-P19 and P19N internalize

P19N exosomes

what can P19 exosomes do?

induce differentiation of UD-P19 to P19 neurons, UD-P19 exosomes will NOT do this

MAP2 antibody

microtubule protein found in post-mitotic neurons

there is differential expression of _ in UD-P19

ncRNAs

folic acid deficiency in fetus

starts with BMP and Wnt signaling pathway, fetus has to be aborted