Chapter 13- Brain BOOK

what is the largest part of the brain?

cerebrum

the cerebrum consists of how many hemispheres?

2

what are gyri?

convolutions of the cerebrum

what are gyri separated by?

sulci

gyri and sulci are ____; gyrus and sulcus are ______

plural;singular

what does the cerebrum contain?

-various fissures

-large sulci

what are the 4 types of fissures/sulci in the cerebrum?

-longitudinal fissure

-transverse fissure or sulcus

-lateral fissure or sulcus

-central sulcus

what does the longitudinal fissure separate?

the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum

what is the longitudinal fissure occupied by?

falx cerebri

what does the transverse fissure/sulcus separate?

cerebrum and the cerebellum

what is the transverse fissure occupied by?

tentorium cerebelli

what does the lateral fissure/sulcus separate?

the temporal lobe from the rest of cerebrum superior to it

what does the central sulcus separate?

precentral (motor) and postcentral (sensory) gyri

the cerebrum contains ___ main lobes. What are they?

4; frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal

what is the fifth lobe called?

insula

where does the insula lie?

within the depths of the lateral sulcus

the primary *motor* cortex is the ____ gyrus, and lies ___ to the central sulcus

-PREcentral

-ANTERIOR

the primary *sensory* cortex is ____ gyrus, and lies ___ to the central sulcus

-POSTcentral

-POSTERIOR

what does the basal ganglia (nuclei) constitute?

the central gray matter of the cerebrum

what is the function of the basal ganglia?

control of movement and posture

diseases that are linked with the basal ganglia involve...

disturbances in voluntary muscular control

(ex. Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea)

what is the thalamus?

the most important SENSORY RELAY CENTER of the brain

what does the thalamus do?

sends incoming impulses from the receptors of the body to the cerebral cortex

what is POSTERIOR to the thalamus?

pineal gland (pineal body)

what does the pineal gland secrete? what does it do?

melatonin, which is involved in the sleep wake cycle

what does the hypothalamus lie between/what is it associated with?

-optic chiasma

-mammillary bodies

-pituitary gland

what occurs at the optic chiasma?

where optic nerves (CNII) cross

what are the mammillary bodies?

sensory synaptic station, part of the limbic system

pituitary gland projects where?

inferior from the hypothalamus

what does the pituitary gland do?

secretes many hormones

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

regulation of visceral activity, including:

-body temperature

-carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

-sleep, sexual activity, emotions

what are the 3 parts of the brainstem from superior to inferior?

1. midbrain

2. pons

3. medulla oblongata

what does the midbrain contain?

cerebral peduncles ANTERIORLY and the tectum (roof) with the corpora quadrigemina POSTERIORLY

how are the four elevations of the corpora quadrigemina arranged? what are they?

as two pairs;

1. superior colliculi

2. inferior colliculi

what are the superior colliculi involved in?

pathway of vision

what are the inferior colliculi involved in?

pathway of hearing

what does the pons do?

acts as a bridge connecting right and left cerebellar hemispheres

what is the function of pons?

relays impulses from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

the medulla oblongata is part of brain continuous with what?

spinal cord

medulla oblongata will contain most of what?

the ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord

where can other tracts cross?

spinal cord OR brain itself

the medulla oblongata represents an area where...

pyramidal tract fibers lie, called the pyramids

what happens at the area INFERIOR to the pyramids?

the pyramidal tracts cross or decussate over to the contralateral side, which is called the PYRAMIDAL DECUSSATION

what are the vital body activities that the nuclei of medulla oblongata are involved with?

-respiratory

-cardiac (heart rate)

-vasomotor (blood pressure)

what is another name for cerebellum?

little brain

what does the cerebellum connect with?

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata via the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles, respectively

what does the cerebellum consist of?

2 hemispheres

what are the 2 hemispheres separated by?

median vermis

what does the outer cortex of cerebellum contain?

folia separated by fissures

what does folia mean?

leaves

internally, the cerebellum presents what?

white matter branching in the form of a tree called the arbor vitae

what are the functions of cerebellum?

1. coordination of muscular activity

2. regulation of muscle tone

3. maintenance of equilibrium