Virology #3 Exam

Exam three for biology

For Epstein-Barr virus, how does the Nanoparticle vaccine work?

It uses a whole artificial virion rather than just a glycoprotein; it’s a virion with the EBV spike proteins

For Epstein-Barr virus, how does the mRNA vaccine work?

This vaccine uses mRNA to produce spike proteins for EBV and expose immune cells to build up a defense

For Epstein-Barr virus what is the name of the glycoprotein on the EBV being targeted

GP350

For Epstein-Barr virus, how do LMP’s effect B cells and have a possible hand in causing MS?

They make B cells long-lived, and while infected, they make their way into the CNS and cause inflammation, which brings immune cells there and can increase the effects or likelihood of MS.

For Epstein-Barr virus, how does EBNA relate to causing MS?

When leaked from the infected cell have antibodies produced against them, and due to them having a similar “look” to the makeup of the myelin sheath, it makes it so those antibodies create an attack on the myelin sheath as well

How does immune amnesia work for those infected with Measles?

The viral particles recognize and bind to the CD150 receptors, which are found on memory cells, and then after they infect the cell, it dies, decreasing antibodies produced and killing immune cells.

For Mpox, how does VIGIV work as treatment?

Gives the purified antibodies directly to the patients (generally just for patients with sepsis)

For Mpox, how does Tecovirimat work as treatment?

Stops the movement of the pox virus through the Golgi apparatus, which stops it from being coated with Golgi, stopping it from leaving the cell and infecting others.

For Pox virus, how does ACAM200 work as a vaccine

This is a live vaccine and does actively replicate; however, it is not dangerous and only requires one dose.

For Pox virus, how does JYNNEOS work as a vaccine?

This uses a live but weakened virus, and it CANNOT replicate; however, two doses are required for complete vaccination.

How do retroviruses (HIV) integrate with host genome?

They bring along reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy, then it all gets pasted into the genome of the host cell, where it will replicate.

What are the three genes that comprise HIV?

GAG - Outermembrane/Capsid

Pol - Reverse transcriptase and other proteins

Env - Envelope proteins

For viral entry, what two receptors are required for HIV?

CD4 and CCR5 are both required

Why is it hard to make a vaccine for HIV?

When reverse transcriptase makes a DNA copy, there are a ton of errors that cause mutations and make it so it is constantly changing.

For HIV, what protein inserts the viral genome into host DNA?

Integrase, this makes it so the infection is then life long

(HIV cancer-causing) How do acute transforming retroviruses work?

When HIV is inserted into a tumor suppressor gene sequence, it can effectively break it, or it can increase stimulation of growth factors if placed directly in front of that sequence.

How does HIV cause illness?

Depletes CD4(immune cells), which leads to immunocompromised situations like fungal infections or bacterial infections

HIV medication - How do fusion inhibitors work?

Prevent initial binding to CD4 or CCR5

HIV medication - how do nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors work? (NRTI)

For both versions, reverse transcriptase is targeted and blocked from working, which is effective since human cells don’t require or have RT.

For HIV, how does VIF work?

Binds to a reverse transcriptase inhibitor and ubiquinates it, sending it to the proteasome for degradation.

For HIV, how does VPU work?

Degrades CD4 in the ER to assist with the budding of viral particles going to the surface of the cell

For HIV, how does NEF work?

Gets rid of the CD4 that is actually on the host cell’s surface and degrades it through re-endocytosis.

What is so weird about the virion of poxvirus?

Super complex and has no symmetry

How does/do poxviruses preform replication

Through rolling circle replication (Look at notebook reference)

What is an MV (Mature poxvirus)

Single lipid membrane, generally the viral particle that fills up pustules, is much more stable

What is an EV (Extracellular Poxvirus)

Two lipid membrane, thought to be spread cell to cell and generally very unstable.

For poxviruses, where does viral replication occur?

In the cytoplasm, they bring everything they need with them with accounts for the weird shape and structure

With poxvirus, how do serpins defend against the immune system?

are soluble receptors that block cytokines or TNF that would normally signal/call immune cells to the area

Poxvirus, how do K3L and E3L help to avoid the immune system?

Inhibit interferon response (NO cell to cell communication can occur)