BIOEE 1780 (Biodiversity 1 - Bacteria)

Traits of Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) [Biodiversity 1]

1) Genetic Material (DNA and/or RNA)

2) Presence Ribosomes

3) ATP & Biochemical/Metabolic Pathways

4) Membrane-Bounded Unicellular organism

Stromatolites [Biodiversity 1]

Oldest evidence of life (3.6 Bya); rock fossils made up from biofilms of cyanobacteria

What type of phylogenic group are Prokaryotes? [Biodiversity 1]

Paraphyletic Group

Domains of Life (3) & Distinctions between Them [Biodiversity 1]

Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria

1) Eukarya have Membrane-Bound Nucleus, while Archaea & Bacteria don't

2) Eukarya have Membrane-Bound Organelles, while very few Bacteria have them, and Archaea don't

3) Bacteria have cell walls made with peptidoglycan, while Archaea don't have that in cell wall, & Eukarya don't have cell walls

4) Archaea have ether-linked membrane lipids (making them extremophiles - able to withstand extreme temp/pH/salinity conditions), while Eukarya & Bacteria have ester-linked lipids

Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Bacteria [Biodiversity 1]

Gram-Positive: thicker peptidoglycan wall that stain a purple color

Gram-Negative: thinner Cell Wall with outer membrane; makes them more resistant to antibodies

Cyanobacteria vs Proteobacteria [Biodiversity 1]

Cyanobacteria: photosynthetic, based on endosymbiotic theory, led to chloroplasts arising

Proteobacteria: Led to mitochondria arising

Primary Shapes of Bacteria (3) [Biodiversity 1]

Coccus: spherical

Bacillus: rod-shaped/wide

Spirillum: spiral

Taxa of Bacteria Clade (6) [Biodiversity 1]

Branch 1: Staphylococcus, Bacillus Anthracis

Branch 2: Cyanobacteria

Branch 3: Proteobacteria

Branch 4: Spirochetes

Branch 5: Chlamydia

Staphylococcus [Biodiversity 1]

spherical shaped genus of bacteria, formed on skin

What disease Bacillus Anthracis cause? [Biodiversity 1]

Anthrax (usually amongst livestock)

Types of Proteobacteria & Pathogens Causes (4) [Biodiversity 1]

1) E.Coli - E.Coli Infection (food poisoning)

2) Yersinia Pestis - bubonic plague

3) Vibrio cholerae - cholera

4) Salmonella - Salmonella Infection

Spirochetes & Diseases Caused (2) [Biodiversity 1]

spiral shaped bacterial with axial filaments

1) Lyme Disease (carried by ticks)

2) Syphilis

Chlamydia [Biodiversity 1]

bacteria that are intracellular, obligate parasites of vertebrates.

possesses unique reproductive cycle; causes eye infections & STD

What allows pathogens to persist in harming people despite natural evolution favoring people? [Biodiversity 1]

Co-Evolution (facilitated by rapid asexual production to co-evolve with immune system)

Synapomorphy of Eukarya & Archaea Clade (trait not possessed by Bacteria) [Biodiversity 1]

Presence of Histones & Introns in DNA (Rare in bacteria)

Why can't viruses be placed on Tree of Life? [Biodiversity 1]

Lack of ATP & Molecular Machinery for Replication (rely on hosts for energy)

About how many described living species are there? [Biodiversity 1]

~2 Million

Most Diversity (in terms of Species Richness) Species Group [Biodiversity 1]

Arthropods (1/2 are insects)

6 Model Organisms [Biodiversity 1]

1) E. Coli (Proteobacteria)

2) Arabidopsis Thaliana (Plant: Angiosperm)

3) Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (or Baker's Yeast) (Fungi: Ascomycota)

4) Drosophila Melanogaster (or Fruit Fly) (Arthropoda: Insecta)

5) Mus Musculus (or House Mouse) (Vertebrate: Mammal)

6) Caenorhabditis elegans (or Nematode Worm) ( Ecdysozoans: Nematodes)

Synapomorphy of Archaea & Importance [Biodiversity 1]

Ether-Linked Membrane Lipids (leads to them being extremophiles, living in conditions of high temperature, salinity [Halophiles], & pH)

Cell Division of Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes [Biodiversity 1]

Prokaryotes: Binary Fission - DNA replication

Eukaryotes: Mitosis and Meiosis - Chromosome Replication