Urinary System

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It commonly causes symptoms such as frequent urination, pain during urination, and abdominal discomfort.

Cystitis

a common type of urinary tract infection that specifically affects the bladder, leading to inflammation and discomfort.

Urethritis

Inflammation of the urethra, often caused by infections. It can lead to painful urination and discomfort.

Pyelonephritis

Infection of the kidney, often resulting from untreated UTIs. Symptoms may include fever, flank pain, and nausea. It can lead to serious complications if not treated. Treatment typically involves antibiotics.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria

Presence of bacteria in urine without symptoms, often found during pregnancy or routine exams.

Kidney stone (renal calculus)

A solid mass made of crystals that forms in the kidneys and can cause pain, obstruction, or infection in the urinary tract.

Ureteral stone

A type of kidney stone that develops in the ureter and can cause obstruction and pain as it passes through the urinary tract.

Bladder stone

A bladder stone is a hard mass of minerals that forms in the bladder, often caused by concentrated urine or infection.

Nephrolithiasis

The condition of having one or more kidney stones, which are hard mineral deposits formed in the kidneys that can cause pain and urinary obstruction.

Renal colic

A severe pain caused by kidney stones that typically radiates from the flank to the groin.

Haematuria

Presence of blood in the urine.

Proteinuria

The presence of excess proteins in the urine, often indicating kidney issues or disease. This condition can result from various factors, including diabetes, hypertension, or glomerulonephritis.

Glycosuria

Presence of glucose in urine, often indicating diabetes mellitus or other metabolic issues.

Pyuria

The presence of pus in the urine, often indicating an infection or inflammation of the urinary tract.

Anuria

The absence of urine production or the production of less than 100 milliliters of urine in 24 hours. Anuria can be a sign of acute kidney failure or severe dehydration.

Nocturia

Nocturia is the condition of waking up during the night to urinate, often indicating underlying health issues or simply common in older adults.

Dysuria

A painful or difficult urination.

Urinary frequency

the need to urinate more often than usual, which can be a symptom of various urinary tract conditions.

Urinary urgency

A strong, sudden need to urinate that may be difficult to control.

Urinary retention

A condition in which a person is unable to completely empty their bladder, leading to the accumulation of urine.

Urinary incontinence

Loss of bladder control leading to involuntary leakage of urine, often affecting individuals of all ages and may arise from various causes such as pelvic floor dysfunction or neurological disorders.

Stress incontinence

A type of urinary incontinence that occurs during activities that put pressure on the bladder, such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercising.

Urge incontinence

A type of urinary incontinence characterized by a sudden, intense urge to urinate, followed by involuntary loss of urine. It often occurs due to bladder overactivity.

Overflow incontinence

a condition where the bladder cannot empty completely, leading to involuntary leakage of urine.

Neurogenic bladder

A condition characterized by loss of bladder control caused by neurological disorders affecting the signals between the bladder and the brain.

Overactive bladder

A condition characterized by an urgent and frequent need to urinate, often leading to involuntary leakage of urine.

Bladder outlet obstruction

A condition where urine flow is blocked due to narrowing or blockage at the base of the bladder, causing difficulty in urination.

Vesicoureteral reflux

A condition where urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys, often leading to urinary tract infections and kidney damage.

Hydronephrosis

A condition characterized by the swelling of a kidney due to a build-up of urine, often caused by an obstruction in the urinary tract.

Hydroureter

A condition characterized by the swelling of the ureter due to the accumulation of urine, often resulting from obstruction or blockage.

Acute kidney injury (AKI)

A sudden decline in kidney function, characterized by the rapid accumulation of waste products and disturbances in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. AKI can result from various causes, including decreased blood flow, acute tubular necrosis, or obstruction.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

A progressive loss of kidney function over time, often leading to end-stage renal disease. It is characterized by a gradual decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and can be caused by diabetes, hypertension, and other conditions.

End-stage renal disease (ESRD)

A medical condition characterized by the final stage of chronic kidney disease, where the kidneys can no longer function effectively, requiring dialysis or transplantation for survival.

Glomerulonephritis

A type of kidney disease characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, which affects their ability to filter blood effectively.

Nephrotic syndrome

A kidney disorder characterized by high protein levels in the urine, low albumin levels in the blood, and swelling in various body parts due to fluid retention.

Nephritic syndrome

A kidney disorder characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, leading to symptoms such as haematuria, proteinuria, and hypertension.

IgA nephropathy

A kidney disorder characterized by the deposition of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the glomeruli, leading to inflammation and impaired kidney function.

Lupus nephritis

A type of kidney inflammation that occurs in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), affecting the glomeruli and potentially leading to kidney failure.

Diabetic nephropathy

A common kidney complication of diabetes mellitus, resulting in progressive damage to the kidney's filtering units, leading to proteinuria and potential kidney failure.

Hypertensive nephropathy

A type of kidney damage caused by chronic high blood pressure, leading to progressive kidney injury and decreased function.

Polycystic kidney disease

A genetic disorder characterized by the formation of numerous cysts in the kidneys, leading to kidney enlargement and potential renal failure.

Simple renal cyst

A fluid-filled sac that forms on the kidney, usually benign and often asymptomatic.

Medullary sponge kidney

A congenital disorder characterized by cystic dilatation of the collecting ducts in one or more renal pyramids, leading to a spongy appearance of the kidney.

Renal agenesis

A congenital condition characterized by the absence of one or both kidneys at birth.

Horseshoe kidney

A congenital condition where the kidneys are fused together at their lower ends, forming a U shape. This condition can lead to urinary tract obstruction and other complications.

Ectopic kidney

A condition where a kidney is located outside its normal position, often in the pelvis or abdomen.

Renal dysplasia

A congenital condition characterized by abnormal development of the kidneys, leading to poor function or structural anomalies.

Renal hypoplasia

A condition where one or both kidneys are underdeveloped, resulting in reduced nephron numbers and decreased kidney function.

Bladder infection

A urinary tract infection that affects the bladder, commonly causing symptoms like frequent urination, urgency, and discomfort during urination.

Interstitial cystitis

A chronic condition causing bladder pain and frequent urination, often with no clear cause. It can lead to inflammation of the bladder wall.

Bladder inflammation

A condition characterized by chronic inflammation of the bladder wall, often causing pain and discomfort.

Bladder diverticulum

A bladder diverticulum is a pouch or sac that forms in the bladder wall. It can lead to urinary symptoms and complications.

Bladder rupture

A serious condition where the bladder wall tears, often due to trauma or overdistension, leading to potential leakage of urine into the abdominal cavity.

urethral stricture

A narrowing of the urethra that can restrict urine flow, often caused by injury, infection, or inflammation.

Urethral obstruction

A blockage in the urethra that prevents normal urine flow, which can lead to urinary retention and discomfort.

Urethral injury

Damage to the urethra that can result from trauma, surgery, or infection, potentially leading to bleeding, inflammation, or obstruction.

Posterior urethral valves

Congenital obstructive membranes in the male urethra that can lead to urinary tract obstruction, typically affecting infants and young children.

Urinary reflux disease

A condition where urine flows backward from the bladder into the kidneys, often leading to infections and kidney damage.

Renal artery stenosis

A narrowing of the renal arteries that reduces blood flow to the kidneys, potentially leading to hypertension and kidney damage.

Renal vein thrombosis

A blockage of the renal vein caused by a blood clot, which can lead to kidney damage and impair kidney function.

Papillary necrosis

A condition characterized by the death of cells in the renal papillae due to ischemia, often associated with analgesic overuse or obstruction. This can lead to renal impairment and haematuria.

Tubulointerstitial nephritis

An inflammatory disease affecting the tubules and interstitial tissue of the kidneys, often resulting from infections or toxins.

Drug-induced nephropathy

A type of kidney damage caused by certain medications or substances, leading to impaired kidney function. This condition can result in acute or chronic kidney injury.

Toxic nephropathy

A form of kidney damage caused by exposure to toxic substances, such as medications or environmental toxins, leading to renal impairment.

Contrast-induced nephropathy

A form of kidney damage that occurs due to the administration of certain contrast agents used in imaging studies. It is characterized by a sudden decline in renal function following the use of contrast material.

Post-infectious glomerulonephritis

A type of kidney inflammation that occurs following an infection, typically affecting the glomeruli. It is often associated with streptococcal infections and can lead to symptoms like haematuria and oedema.

Haemolytic uremic syndrome

A condition characterized by the combination of haemolytic anaemia, acute renal failure, and thrombocytopenia, often resulting from infection with specific strains of E. coli.

Minimal change disease

A kidney disorder characterized by damage to the glomeruli, leading to nephrotic syndrome. It is often seen in children and typically responds well to steroid treatment.

Renal tuberculosis

A chronic infection of the kidneys caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can lead to renal impairment and other complications.

Fungal urinary infection

A type of urinary tract infection caused by fungal pathogens, commonly affecting the bladder and kidneys. It often occurs in immunocompromised individuals.

Viral urinary infection

A type of urinary infection caused by viruses, such as cytomegalovirus or adenovirus, often resulting in symptoms like dysuria or haematuria.

Parasitic urinary infection

Infection caused by parasites in the urinary tract, leading to symptoms such as pain and discomfort. Common parasites include schistosomes, which can cause significant health issues.

Schistosomiasis

A parasitic infection caused by flatworms of the genus Schistosoma, which can lead to urinary tract issues and other systemic health problems.

Bladder cancer

A type of cancer that occurs in the tissues of the bladder, often associated with blood in urine and painful urination. Risk factors include smoking and exposure to certain chemicals.

Kidney cancer

A type of cancer that originates in the kidneys, often characterized by the growth of malignant cells. Common symptoms may include blood in urine, weight loss, and persistent pain in the back or side.

Ureter cancer

Cancer that originates in the ureters, the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder, often leading to symptoms like blood in urine and pain during urination.

Wilms tumour

A type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children, characterized by the presence of a large abdominal mass and possible symptoms like pain and blood in the urine.

Transitional cell carcinoma

a type of cancer that originates in the transitional cells lining the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the kidneys. It is characterized by the ability of the cells to stretch and is commonly associated with smoking and chemical exposure.

Renal trauma

Injury to the kidney caused by external forces, commonly resulting from accidents or blunt trauma.

Bladder trauma

Injury to the bladder caused by external forces, which can result in bleeding, urine leakage, and potential infections.

Urethral trauma

Injury or damage to the urethra, often resulting from pelvic fractures or direct blows, leading to symptoms such as bleeding or difficulty urinating.

Haemorrhagic cystitis

A condition characterized by inflammation of the bladder associated with bleeding, often due to infection, chemical irritation, or radiation treatment.

Radiation cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder resulting from radiation therapy, which can lead to bleeding and discomfort.

Renal abscess

A localized collection of pus within the kidney, usually resulting from a bacterial infection. It can cause pain, fever, and urinary symptoms.

Perinephric abscess

A perinephric abscess is a localized collection of pus that forms in the tissue surrounding the kidney, often resulting from infection or inflammation. It can lead to severe pain, fever, and may require surgical intervention. This condition is typically associated with kidney infections and may cause swelling in the area.

Renal scarring

A condition characterized by fibrosis or damage to kidney tissue, often resulting from repeated infections or inflammation. This can lead to reduced kidney function and complications.

Urinary sepsis

A severe infection that spreads to the urinary system, causing systemic symptoms and potentially leading to septic shock. It often arises from untreated urinary tract infections.

Recurrent UTI

A urinary tract infection that occurs frequently in an individual, often requiring multiple treatments. It can lead to complications if not managed properly.

Benign bladder disorder

A non-cancerous condition affecting bladder function, often causing urinary frequency or urgency without serious underlying disease. This may include conditions like interstitial cystitis or overactive bladder, which impact quality of life but can be managed effectively.

Functional urinary disorder

A condition affecting the normal function of the urinary system, leading to symptoms such as incontinence or urinary retention. These disorders can arise from various causes, including neurological conditions or anatomical abnormalities.

Congenital urinary anomaly

A birth defect that affects the kidneys, bladder, or ureters, leading to abnormal urinary tract development.

Obstructive uropathy

A condition caused by an obstruction in the urinary tract, leading to urine accumulation and potentially causing kidney damage.

Reflux neuropathy

A condition where urine flows backward from the bladder to the kidneys, potentially leading to kidney damage.

Renal failure

A medical condition where the kidneys lose the ability to filter waste products from the blood effectively, leading to a buildup of toxins and potential kidney dysfunction.

Azotaemia

A medical condition characterized by an accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood, typically due to kidney dysfunction or renal failure.

Uraemia

A severe condition arising from renal failure, where waste products accumulate in the blood, leading to symptoms such as nausea, lethargy, and altered mental status.

Electrolyte imbalance (renal)

A disruption in the normal levels of electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and calcium in the body due to impaired kidney function.

Urinary system disease

A condition affecting kidney function, leading to altered waste excretion and potential electrolyte disturbances.