Respiratory Conditions 1.0

What drug commonly causes chronic cough

ACE inhibitors

What can cause major airway obstruction with stridor

Laryngeal edema, tumour, scarring, foreign body

What respiratory conditions can cause dyspnoea

Airway obstruction, pneumothorax, inflammation, fibrosis, impaired gas exchange.

How can pneumothorax or interstitial inflammation cause dyspnoea

Stimulation of intrapulmonary sensory nerves

How do hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidosis cause dyspnoea

Stimulate chemoreceptors

How can cardiac failure cause dyspnoea

Pulmonary congestion reduces lung compliance and can obstruct small airways.

What is haemoptysis

Coughing up blood

What cardiovascular conditons can cause haemoptysis

Acute LV failure, mitral stenosis and aortic aneurysm

What bronchial disease can cause haemoptysis

Lung cancer, brochiectasis and acute bronchitis

What features with haemoptysis suggest lung cancer

Reccurent small haemoptysis and finger clubbing

How can a paitent with pleural effusion present

Chest pain and coughing

What are common causes of pleural effusion

Pneumonia, TB, pulmonary infarction, malignancy, cardiac failure

List the 3 names of the following conditions occuring in the pleural space: Pus, blood, chyle

Empyema, Hemothorax, Chylothorax

What is respiratory failure

Gas exchange fails to maintain normal arterial O2 and CO2 levels.

Desribe type 1 hypoxemic

Associated with damage to lung tissue, preventing adequate oxygenation. Present as low O2 and normal CO2

Describe type 2 hypercapnic

Occurs if alveolar ventilation is insufficient to excrete the CO2 being produced. Presents with Low O2 and high CO2

What are the symptoms of asthma

Wheezing, SOB, coughing particulary at night and early morning

What is COPD

Defined by persistent airflow limitation. Associated with chronic inflammatory response in the airways.

List 4 common co-morbid conditions of COPD

CVD
Cerebovascular disease
Metabolic syndrome
Osteoporosis

What is bronchiectasis

Abnormal dilation of bronchi. Progressive scarring and lung damage occur.

What is the typical presentation of bronchiectasis

Chronic daily cough with sputum

What causes pleuritic pain in bronchiectasis

Pleural involvement or segmental lung collapse

How can haemoptysis present in bronchiectasis?

Blood streaks are common; larger volumes may occur during exacerbations

What acquired conditions can cause bronchiectasis in adults?

Suppurative pneumonia, TB and bronchial tumours.

What are common congenital causes of bronchiectasis?

Cystic fibrosis and ciliary dysfunction syndromes.

What suggests an infective exacerbation of bronchiectasis?

Increased sputum, fever, malaise and anorexia.