organic chemistry

Whats organic chemistry

The study of carbon compounds

Whats the word “organic” ?

Its a relic to the days when chemical compounds were divided into two classes organic and inorganic

Inorganic compounds?

Were obtained from minerals

Organic compounds?

Were obtained from vegetables and animal sources

All these organic compounds had one thing in common?

They had the element carbon in them

Although many compounds of carbon are conveniently obtained from plants and animals most of them are?

Synthesized dawg 💀💔🥀🙏🏻

Lauric acid chemical formula?

C12H24O2

All these atoms of carbon from chains and rings have other atoms attached to them like?

Chiefly hydrogen, and O N F Cl I S P

Each different arrangement of atoms corresponds to a different compound and they all have their own?…

Characteristic sets of chemical and physical properties

Until this day how much of carbon compounds are known and how much is growing by a year,?

10 million and half a million growing a year

How is organic chemistry a field of immense importance to technology?

Its the chemistry of dyes and drugs, plastics, paper, ink, paints, rubber ties, gasoline and what we eat and wear

Organic chemistry is fundamental to what?

Biology and medicine

Living organisms are chiefly made up from ?

Organic compounds

Types of bonds ?

Ionic, covalent, intermolecular forces,

What are intermolecular forces?

Dipole-dipole forces

Van der waals london dispersion forces

Hydrogen bonds

What are ionic bonds ? Give examples?

They result from transfer of electrons ex: formation of lithium fluoride LiF

One electron from LI is transferred to F

Li bears a positive charge and F a negative charge

The definition of ionic bonds?

The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions is called ionic bonds , such bonds are typical of the salts formed by metallic elements from the far left side and the nonmetallic elements from the far right side of the table

What are covalent bonds ? give example

They result from sharing electrons, ex:

Formation of hydrogen molecule,

Each hydrogen atom has how much electrons and what do they do to complete their shells of two?

Each H atom has 1 electron by sharing a pair of electrons they complete their shells of two

Two fluorine atoms has how much electrons and what do they do to complete their shells of how much?

Each F atom has seven E in valence shells can complete their octet by sharing the electrons by sharing a pair of electrons

With covalent bond and how its by sharing pair of electrons we can visualize the formation of what other molecules?

HF, H2O

CH4

NH3

CF4

Is the attraction if ionic bonds and covalent bonds electrostatic?

Yes nigga 🥀🙏🏻

What are intermolecular forces?

Dipole-dipole interactions

H bonds

Van der waals (London dispersion) forces

Whats dipole dipole interactions ?

They occur when partially positive charged particles of a molecule interacts with the partially negative charged part of a neighboring molecule

Whats H bonding?

Its the bonding product when Hydrogen is attached to a highly electronegative atom , and another atom the electronegative atom has a pair of electrons?

Whats van der waals forces?

They’re the weakest intermolecular forces

They exist between all types of molecules

They increase with increasing of number of carbon atoms

Whats electronic configuration and pauli exclusion principle?

There are number of rules that determine the way the electrons of an atom may be distributed and they determine the electron configuration of an atom

The most fundamental of these rules is pauli’s rule

Whats pauli exclusion principle?

Only two electrons can occupy the same atomic orbital, but they must have an opposite spinning direction

What determines the electron configuration of an atom?

Some rules that determine the way in which electrons are distributed and that determines it all

So if electrons with opposite spins are paired what happens to electrons with same spin?

They tend to get far away from each other as much as possible

What happens to energy when two atoms combine to form a molecule?

Energy is librated

How to break a molecule into atoms?

It requires the equivalent amount of energy it librated to form the molecules

Whats bond dissociation energy?

Its the equivalent amount of energy that are librated to break the molecule into atoms

Or energy librated or consumed when a bond is broken or formed is called bond dissociation energy

Whats homolysis ?

Its two electrons making the covalent bond each one goes to their separate one fragment

Whats heterolysis

Both bonding electrons go to the same fragment

Certain covalent bonds have another property and its ?

Polarity

What’s polarity?

Two atoms joined by a covalent bond share a pair of electrons their nuclei is held by the same electron cloud

Why in most cases the nuclei of two atoms joined by a covalent bond who share a pair of electrons don’t share electrons equally?

The electron cloud is denser about an atom than the other

What kind of bond possesses polarity or called a polar bond in ways of - and +

One end of the bond is thus relatively negative and the other end is relatively positive so there’s a negative and positive pole

We can expect a bond to be polar id the atoms joined by them differ in what?

In their tendency to attract electrons,atoms that differ in electronegativity .

Furthermore, the greater the difference in electronegativity, the more polar the bond

will be.

Whats Polarity of molecules:

A molecule is polar if the center of negative charge does not coincide

with the center of positive charge. Such a molecule constitutes a dipole:

(two equal and opposite charges separated in space). A dipole is often

symbolized by ( µ). The molecule possesses a dipole moment,

Molecules like what have zero dipoles ?

Molecules like (H2, O2, N2, Cl2, and Br2) have zero dipole moments, that

is, are non-polar

Why Molecules like (H2, O2, N2, Cl2, and Br2) have zero dipole moments, that

is, are non-polar

Because The two identical atoms of each of these molecules have,

of course, the same electronegativity and share electrons equally.

A molecule like hydrogen fluoride (HF) Why it has a large dipole moment?

(1.75 D). Although hydrogen fluoride is a small molecule, the very high

electronegative fluorine pulls the electrons strongly.

Methane and carbon tetrachloride, CCl4, have How much dipole?

Zero

carbon tetrachloride why they exactly cancel each other out

We

certainly would expect the bonds-of carbon tetrachloride at least to be

polar; because of the very symmetrical tetrahedral arrangement

Whats Solubility?

When a solid or liquid dissolves or miscible, the structural units-ions or

molecules become separated from each other, and the spaces in between

become occupied by solvent molecules.

How much energy is needed in solubility to do what?

A great deal of energy is needed to overcome the electrostatic forces holding together an ionic lattice

What are the highly solubility solvent and what do they do as a solvent?

Water or or other highly polar solvents are able to dissolve ionic compounds

In solution each ion is surrounded by a cluster of solvent molecules, and

is said to be (solvated); if the solvent happens to be water,

Its hydrated

the solubility of characteristics of non ionic compounds is determined by what?

Chiefly from their polarity

Is methane soluble in carbon tetrachloride ?

Yes

Is methane or carbon tetrachloride soluble in water?

No like dissolves like

Is methanol CH3OH soluble in water?

Yes it’s highly soluble because its highly polar organic compound

Whats arhenius acid?

A substance that produces H+ in aqueous solution

Whats arhenius base?

A substance that produces OH- in aqueous solution

Whats bronsted-lowry acid?

A substance that gives a proton H+ donates

Hats bronsted-lowry base?

A substance that accepts a proton H+

According to bronsted lowey the strength of an acid depends on what?

On its tendency to give a proton H+

According to bronsted lowry the strength of a base depends on what

Its tendency to accept a proton H+

Whats lewis acid?

Any species that accepts a pair of electrons

Whats lewis base?

Any species that donates a pair of electrons

What kind of bond do acid and base of lewis form?

They accept and donate a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond

Why is a proton H+ an acid?

Because it’s deficient of electrons and needs a pair to complete its valence shell

How are OH- NH3 and H2O bases?

They contain pairs of electrons ready available to share

Is boron trifluoride a an acid and why?

Because it has six electrons in its outer shell and needs a pair to complete its octet

BF3 combines with what bases?

Ammonia or diethyl ether

Ethyl alcohol b.p?

78ċ

Ethyl alcohol chemical formula

CH3CH2OH

If we drop sodium metal in t.t containing ethyl alcohol what happens?

Strong bubbles start and hydrogen gas is evolved and sodium metal is consumed only leaving behind C2H5ONA

Ethyl alcohol and sodium chemical reaction?

CH3CH2OH+Na→ CH3CH2ONa+H2(g)

Which one is which ethyl alcohol , dimethyl ether, liquid or gas

Ethyl alcohol liquid

Other is gas

Compounds dimethyl ether b.p?

-24Ċ

Hows dimethyl ether different with ethyl alcohol ?

They have different physical and chemical properties and dimethyl ether doesn’t even react with sodium they have the same number of the same atoms but the atoms are attached to each other differently

Does dimethyl ether react with sodium?

Nah → no reaction

The molecular formula of both dimethyl ether and ethyl alcohol ?

C2H6O

What are isomers?

Different compounds that have the same molecular formula are called isomers

Why are isomers different compounds?

They have different molecular structures

What are alkyl halides?

Are organic molecules containing a halogen atom bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom

General formula rule of alkyl halides?

CnH2n+1X where n=1,2,3 zhmaray tawaw

X=halogen

Functional group of alkyl halides?

X=- halogens

Cl

F

I

Br

Whats the classification of alkyl halides?

They’re classified as primary 1•

Secondary 2•

Tertiary 3•

Depends on the number of carbons bonded to the carbon with halogen atom

How are alkyl halides weak polar molecules?

They exhibit dipole-dipole interactions

Whats the difference between alkyl halides and alkanes b.p and m.p?

Alkyl halides have higher of both than alkanes having the same number of carbons

RX?

Alkyl halides

RX is soluble in what and insoluble in what?

Soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water

How does RX’s m.p and b.p increase?

With increasing of the size of R and X

How are alkyl halides named?

according to the system of

nomenclature devised by the International Union of

Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

5 ways if preparing alkyl halides?

From alcoholS

Halogenation of certain hydrocarbons

Addition of hydrogen halide to alkenes

Addition of halogens to alkynes

Halide exchange

Preparation of alkyl halides from alcohols ?

Alkyl halides can be prepared from alcohols by reaction with HX,

i.e., the substitution of a halide on a protonated alcohol.

-Halogenation of certain hydrocarbons

 Alkane + Cl2 or Br2, heat or light replaces C-H with C-X but gives mixtures

Addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes:

Alkyl halide from addition of HCl, HBr, HI to alkenes to give Markovnikov product.

Addition of halogens to alkynes:

Synthesis Alkyl halide from addition of HCl, HBr, HI to alkynes to give Alkylhalides

product

Halide exchange:

The halide of an alkyl halide gets replaced by another

halide. Alkyl iodides and alkyl fluorides are generally prepared by halide exchange

reaction

Reactions of alkyl halides?

Nucleophilic substitution Sn1,Sn2,Sni

Dehydrohalogenation (elimination)

Preparation of grignard reagent

what also happens when a X ion is very weak base attached to a carbon atom?

halogen can be

readily displaced as halide ion by other, stronger bases.

What are nucleophilic reagents?

Basic, electron-rich reagents are called nucleophilic reagents.

The typical of alkyl halides is what?

Nucleophilic substitution

What’s leaving groups?

To describe the ease of displacement of the weakly basic halide ions, we refer to

them as good leaving groups.

Aryl and vinyl halides undergo these substitution reactions…..?

With extreme difficulty