unit 9 terms

Attribution Theory

we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or persons disposition

Fundamental Attribution ErrorT

Tendency for observers when analyzing other behavior to underestimate impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of the disposition

Peripheral Route Persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues such as speakers attractiveness

Central route persuasion

occurs when interested people focus on the argument and respond with favorable thoughts

Foot in the door Phenomenon

tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger one

Zimbardo Stanford Prison Experiment

purpose: understand development of norms and effects of roles, labels, and social expectations in a simulated prison environment

* situational power to influence individual attitudes, values, and behavior

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

we act to reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

Automatic Mimicry

unconscious imitation of speech, movements, and more

conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Normative social influence

influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval/ avoid disapproval

Informational Social Influence

influence resulting ones willingness to accept others opinions abt reality

Milgrams Obedience Experiment

mass of 1000 people with assigned roles as a teacher and a learner (teacher shocks learner everytime they answer wrong)

* taught the power of social influences can make people succumb to cruelty
* Yale

social facilitation

improved performance on simple/well learned tasks in the presence of others (positively/negatively affect performance based off the kind of influence the presence of others based off of how the other influencing act)

social loafing

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Deindividuation

loss of self awareness/ self restraint occurring in a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity

Group Polarization

enhancement of a groups beliefs/attitudes through discussion within the group

groupthink

phenomenon that occurs when a group of individuals reach a consensus without critical reasoning or evaluation of the consequences

Prejudice

attitude toward a group

stereotype

preconceived notion about a certain group

discrimination

acting on prejudices

just world phenomenon

tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

in groups/ bias

people that share a common identity/ ones own group is favored or treated better

outgroups

perceived as different from ones group

scapegoat theory

tendency of blaming someone else for ones own problems or inconveniences

other race effect

infants tend to recall faces of their own race more accurately than faces of other races

aggression/ assertiveness

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy/ ability to speak up for ourselves and others in a way that is honest and respectful

Biological parts of aggression

neural influences (inhibit/faciliate aggressive behavior if provoked)

biochemical influences in hormonal changes can affect men as well as violent criminals (younger/more muscular)

frustration aggression principle

principle that frustration creates anger, which generates aggression

Social Scripts

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

mere exposure effect

phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

equity theory

people are more satisfied with a relationship in which there is equal give and take between both parties

self disclosure

emotional disclosures are important in boosting empathy and building trust

social exchange theory

decision to help another based on how much it will cost the person to help compared to how much it will help the person being helped

Reciprocity Norm

expectation that we should return help not harm to those who have helped us

social responsibility norm

norm that tells us to help others when they need us even though they may not repay us

social traps

phenomenon that describes a situation in which an individual or group of individuals act for short term gains and reinforcement but have tendency to overexploit resources leading to loss as a whole

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

GRIT

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction

* strategy designed to decrease international tensions
* kindness meets hostility

altruism

unselfish regard for welfare of others

bystander effect

individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim in the presence of other people

social psychology

how we think influences/ relates to one another

self fulfillment prophecy

physical outcome of a situation influenced by our positive or negative thinking

Asch Line Experiment

test the degree of how ones own opinions can be influenced by a group