Respiratory Gas Exchanges

The law of partial pressures is ___ law

Dalton’s

At sea level, total atmospheric pressure is ____ mmHg

760

Oxygen composes approximately ___ of the atmsphere

21%

Carbon Dioxide composes approximately ___ of the atmosphere

0.03%

As altitude increases, atmospheric percentages remain the same, but gas ___ pressures decrease

Partial

When breathing FIO2=1.0 at sea level, alveolar PN2 equals ____ mmHg

0

At a depth of 99 feet underwater, the oxygen partial pressure is calculated 159 x ___, or ___ mmHg

4, 636

Passive movement of gas molecules from high pressure to low pressure is called ___

Diffusion

Alveolar water vapor pressure, PH20, is ___ mmHg

47

The alveolar gas equation determines alveolar ____ tension

Oxygen

Complete PAO2 = [PB - PH2O] FIO2 - PaCO2 x ___

1.25

At sea level with FIO2 = 1.0 and PaCO2 = 40 mmHg, expected PAO2 is ___ mmHg

663

Normal alveolar-capillary membrane thickness is approximately ___ to ___ microns

0.20, 2.5

The first later crossed by oxygen is the ___ lining the intra-alveolar membrane

Liquid

The second layer crossed is the alveolar ___ cell

epithelial

The third layer crossed is the ___ membrane of the alveolar epithelial cell

basement

Average venous CO2 tension entering the pulmonary capillary is ___ mmHg

46

Normal CO2 gradient across the membrane requires approximately ___ seconds

40

Complete diffusion across membrane requires approximately ___ seconds

0.25

Normal pulmonary capillary transit time is approximately ___ seconds

0.75

Pulmonary edema, scleroderma, ARDS, and ____ can increase membrane thickness

Pneumonia

Diffusion is indirectly related to membrane thickness, so increased thickness causes diffusion to ___

Decrease

CO2 diffuses approximately __ times faster than O2

20

Henry’s law states that gas dissolving in liquid is directly related to the gas’s ___ pressure

Partial

Gas transfer depending on the amount of blood flowing past the alveoli is ___ - limited

Perfusion

Gas transfer depending on alveolar-capillary membrane integrity is ___ - limited

Diffusion

The gas used to test the physiologic effectiveness of the alveolar-capillary membrane is __

CO

Emphysema, excessive airway secretions, and ___ can reduce alveolar surface area

Pneumothorax

Pulmonary oxygen toxicity can cause tracheobronchitis and ___ chest pain

Substernal

CNS effects of oxygen toxicity include tremors, twitching, convulsions and ___

Coma

If FIO2 = 75% and barometric pressure is 743 mmHg, inspired oxygen partial pressure is ___ mmHg

527

In the emergency scenario, patient with severe respiratory distress and a dusky appearance should initially receive a ___- flow oxygen device at ___ %

high, 100

If FIO2 = 0.60, PB = 745 mmHg, and PaCO2 = 86 mmHg, expected PAO2 is ___ mmHg

311.3

Alveolar consolidation is ___ - limited, whereas pulmonary embolism is ___ - limited

diffusion, perfusion

In severe hypoxemia despite FIO2 = 1.0, increase PEEP. If blood pressure is 76/40 mmHg, wait for ___ before increasing airway pressure further

Vasopressors