Urbanization/Progressivism

Nativism

Hostility toward immigrants

Tenement

Multi family apartments usually dark crowded and barely meeting minimum living standards

Ethnic

Relating to large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or background

Political Machines

An organization linked to a political party that often controlled local government

Party Boss

The person in control of a political machine

Graft

The acquisition of money in dishonest ways, as in bribing a politician

Social Darwinism

A philosophy based on Charles Darwin’s theories of evolution and natural selection asserting that humans have developed through competition and natural selection with only the strongest surviving

Americanization

Process of acquiring or causing a person to acquire American traits and characteristics

Settlement House

Institution located in a poor neighborhood that provides numerous community services such as medical care, child care, libraries, and classes in English

Muckraker

A journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in a society

Philanthropy

Providing money to support humanitarian or social goals

Suffrage

Right to vote

Prohibition

Laws banning the manufacture transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages

Child labor

Work that is performed by a child under the age of 18 that keeps them out of education and affects their growth and mental development

Recall

The right the enables voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from office

Referendum

The practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature

Political machines (positive factors)

• Helped immigrants gain their citizenship

• Used their power to expand public-work projects such as buildings, bridges, parts, and waterworks

• The jobs for the public works projects were given by members of the political machines to their supporters

Political machines (negative factors)

• political machines can be greedy and sometimes seek revenge to their disloyal voters

• They stole millions from taxpayers in the form of grafts

• Many of the public funds got in the hands of Boss Tweed in the form of grafts

Laissez-faire faire capitalisms negative effects

• It allowed many monopolies and trusts to form

• Unfair treatments with workers caused many labor unions to form,

• Workers had to deal with unfair wages and had to work in unsafe/dangerous environments with no safety precautions an and procedures. Also no action was taken upon this and inspections were just paid off.

• Child labor also increased significantly

Labor unions and the reforms they advocated for

• shorter work days

• increased pays

• Safer working conditions

• Restriction on child labor

Collective bargaining

Working people negotiate contracts with their employer through their unions to determine terms for employment that included pay, benefits, hours, safety policies, etc.

Strikes

An act where employees refuse to work in order to pressure employers or the government to meet their demands.

Boycotts

Refusal to buy goods, use services, or deal with a person, business, country, etc. as a nonviolent form of protest to force a change.

Effects of mass immigration

• filled in a demand for workers

• Diffusion of ethnic traits into American culture

• Impacted the growth of cities

• Increased nativism/ Americanization which means that people started to favor citizens born from America instead of immigrants

Urbanizations and how it transformed the physical nature of cities

• buildings became taller/ tenement buildings providing housing for working families

• Increased crimes, disease, overcrowding, poor living conditions, no sanitation in services

• Ethnic neighborhoods

• Improved public transportation

• A growing Middle class could easily travel and had enough money

Sherman and Clayton antitrust acts

Monopolies created trusts that mainly favored the monopolies so president Theodore Roosevelt passed a legislation to stop trusts for forming and get rid of the old ones. THIS ACT SUPPORTED LABOR UNIONS

Meat inspection act of 1906

After president Roosevelt a book called “The Jungle” by Upton Sinclair, he put forward the meat inspection act that enforced cleaner conditions for meat packing.

Pure food and drug act of 1906

Congress passed this act to stop selling food that was unsafe and required food to have expiration dates

Creation of the U.S. forest service

President Roosevelt set aside 148 million acres of land for forest reserves and set aside 1.5 million acres of water-power sites. He also established 50 safe places for wildlife and several national parks.

Actions taken to combat problems caused by urbanization

• creation of settlement houses

• Improved public sanitation

New laws for buildings were established for the concerns of tenement houses

Federal reserve act

Passed to control the nation’s money supply and regulate the banking system. Also introduced reforms to make political process more democratic.

16th amendment

Congress has the power to collect an income tax

17th amendment

The right to have a direct election of U.S. senators

18th amendment

Prohibited alcoholic beverages

19th amendment and the three part strategy to win the right to vote

Women’s suffrage

Three strategies

• convinced state legislatures to allow women the right to vote( (some states that agreed were Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, and Colorado)

• Enforced court cases and used the 14th amendment to test the right to vote (basically suffragists argued that the ratification of the fourteenth amendment granted women the right to vote as well)

• Fought for a constitutional amendment (19th amendment)

Political Cartoon example