Study Sheet for Stigma

COBWEBS Model (Tomiyama, 2014)

Weight Stigma > Psychological Stress > Increased Eating/Cortisol > Weight Gain

Three Pathways to Stigma (Tomiyama, 2014)

Behavior - stress eating, ego depletion, avoidance of exercise, social withdrawal

Physiological - HPA axis is activated spiking cortisol which stores fat and drives craving

Emotional - internalized stigma, depression, anxiety, low self-efficacy

4 Mediators of Stigma to Health (Hatzenbuehler, 2013)

Resources - depletes access

Social Isolation - fear of rejection

Psychological & Behavioral - internalized stigma depletes self control and increases maladaptive behavior

Minority Stress Theory - victimization, expectations and unfair treatment raise cortisol and blood pressure

Five Driving Factors of Discrimination (Qin, Way, & Rana)

1. Immigration status and language barriers

2. Model minority myth and high academic achievement

3. Teacher preference causing student resentment

4. Physical attributes

5. Internal division

Findings of Spencer, Steele, & Quinn

Stereotype threat effects performance most significantly on difficult tasks and can be alleviated via changing environmental framing

3 Motives of Behavior Caused Rejection (Richman & Leary)

prosocial, antisocial, and withdrawal

Prosocial Construal (Richman & Leary)

Relationship is repairable, high-value, and/or costly

Antisocial Construal (Richman & Leary)

Rejection is unjustified

Withdrawal Construal (Richman & Leary)

Rejection is chronic and/or alternatives exist

Withdrawal Behavior (Richmann & Leary)

social disengagement, hiding, wariness/hypervigilance

Antisocial Behavior (Richmann & Leary)

anger, aggression, lower empathy, impaired self regulation

Prosocial Behavior (Richmann & Leary)

mimicking behavior, proving your value, seeking alt acceptance, analyzing rejection to undo/improve

Findings of Hatzenbuler (2009)

Rumination is a defining mediator of stigma’s link to distress; Concealability = social isolation = distress

Findings of Huyn et al.

Discrimination frequency = blunted wake cortisol and flatter decline; Cortisol levels = frequency of discrimination /= type

Findings of Panza et al.

Exposure to weight stigma = high cardiovascular response even hrs later; hbp = vulnerable to effects of stigma

Findings of Hatzenbueler (2014)

Structural stigma blunts cortisol response; positively appraisal /= mitigate the effects of structural stigma

Findings of O’Brien et al.

Weight stigma -> internalization -> psychological distress -> disordered eating; Effects skinny people

4 main themes of stigma (Delenardo & Terrion)

Perceived public stigma; Personal stigma; Social function of stigma; Masculinity and toughness stereotypes

Findings of Hoffman et al.

Racial biases /= false beliefs about racial differences; Higher belief in false notions = inaccurate assessment/treatment

Def of Stigma Goffman

a deeply discrediting attribute that reduces a person to tainted and discounted; focus on identity

Def of Stigma Major & Obrien

occurs when a person possess an attribute that conveys an identity that is devalued in a context; focus on appriasal

Def of Stigma (Link & Phelan)

labeling, steretyping, seperation (us v them), status loss and discrimination that requires the exercise of power; focus on society

Factors that impact perception of stigma

conceallability and controllability

Impact of controllability

less empathy, need to escape, need to achieve in other areas (Crocker)

anger/blame → less willingness to help (Weiner)

Evolutionary reason for stigma (Kurzban & Leary)

avoiding poor partner, securing group benefits, reducing disease

Psychological reasons for stigma (Crocker)

support the belief that: you’re good, your group is good, the system is fair, your worldview is correct

3 Main Functions of Stigma (Phelan, Link, & Dovido)

exploitation/domination, enforcement of social norms, and disease avoidance

Model of Stigma (Major and Obrien)

stigma induces identity threat → an individual appraises the demands imposed by a stigma releveant stressor as exceeding their personal resources to cope w/ those demands. Appraisal mediates the effect of the environment; rejection sensitivity → maladaptive coping → psych stress

Minority Stress Model

distal (external events) and proximal (internal processes) stressors lead to adverse mental health outcomes

Findings of Michael

studied the effects of harrassment/discrimination → outness and internalized homopobia → depression → ideation

Effects of Concealment (Pachankis)

cognitive = preoccupation/vigilance, affective = emoltions, behavioral = isolation/impaired relationships, self-evaluative = negative self view and loss of group protections

Structural Model of Stigma Examples

stigma in the medical field can lead to inaccurate treatment (offman)

structural norms and expectation in athletic can lead to the perpuation of stereotypes and less tendancy to seek mental health aid (Delenardo & Terrion)

Interpersonal Model of Stigma Examples

Exposure to weight stigma interactions/material leads to longterm cardiovascular health outcomes (Panza)

the way people percieve the controllability/conceallability of your stigma effects their treatment of you and therefor your experience (Weiner)

Intrapersonal Model of Stigma Examples

stigma experiences lead to rumination which leads to distress (Hatzenbuehler, 2009)

the effects of rejection depend of personal construals of the experience and leads to different behavioral outcomes (Richman & Leary)