AP Biology Macromolecule Test

What makes a particle hydrophilic?

if it has full or partial charges, if it can form hydrogen bonds, if it dissolves in water

Hydrophilic functional groups

-OH (Hydrogen ion) -COOH (Carboxyl group) -NH2 (Amino group) -PO4³- (phosphate ion)

What makes a molecule hydrophobic?

Even distribution of electrical charge, no hydrogen bonding, separate from water

Polar meaning

uneven distribution of electron density

Protein elements:

CHON(S)

lipid elements:

CHO (mostly carbon and hydrogen)

Carb elements:

CHO (1:2:1)

Nucleic/amino acid elements:

CHONP

3 structural groups of an amino acid:

Amine group, R chain, carboxl group

Amine chain elements:

H2N

Carboxyl group elements

COOH

Peptide bond structure:

N-C-C-N-C-C

Saturated fat characteristics

Solid, straight

Unsaturated fat characteristics

Liquid, bent

Primary level of protein structure:

Amino acid sequence

Secondary structure of protein structure:

Folded a-helices and beta-pleated sheets

What causes secondary structure in proteins?

Hydrogen bonding between the N-C-C backbone of amino acids

Tertiary structure of protein structure:

3D structure from R group interactions

Quaternary structure of protein structure:

Multiple peptide chains interacting

Carb monomer

monosaccharide (simple sugars)

Identifying carb structures

ring/linear carbon structures with (-OH) groups attached

Lipid monomer

Not true polymers, but many are built from fatty acids

lipid structures to look for

Triglycerides(fats), phospholipids, steroids

Protein monomer:

amino acids

protein structures to look for

amino group(-NH2), Carboxyl group(-COOH), R group, hydrogen atom

Nucleic acid monomer:

nucleotides

nucleic acid structures to look for

phosphate group, 5-carbon pentose sugar, nitrogenous base

what do monosaccharides (carb monomers) look like

flat-sided ring or a straight chain of carbon atoms

what do fatty acids look like

long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms attached to a carboxyl group (-COOH)

what do phospholipids look like

A pin with a round head and two long tails

What do steroids look like

Made of 17 carbon atoms arranged in 4 fused rings

what do phosphate groups look like

a central phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms in a 3D pyramid shape

what do nitrogenous bases look like

flat and ring-shaped carbon and nitrogen

what do pentose sugars look like

open-chain (linear) structure or a closed-ring (cyclic)

What does a nucleotide (nucleic acid monomer) look like?

A 3 part molecular unit with a central sugar anchored to a side group and a tail

What does a monosaccharide (carb monomer) look like?

a flat-sided ring or a straight chain of carbon atoms

Carbohydrate functions

Primary energy source, short term energy, structure

Lipid functions

long term energy storage, waterproofing, membrane structure, steroids

Protein functions

Structural support, transport, movement, defense, catalysts, signal transduction

nucleic acid functions

storage of genetic info (DNA), gene expression (RNA), energy currency for reactions (ATP)

Covalent bond

chemical link where 2 atoms share pairs of electrons so their outer shells become stable

hydrogen bonds

A type of non-covalent attraction that forms when a positive bonded hydrogen atom is attached to another electronegative atom with a pair of electrons

Peptide bond (the protein chain)

A type of covalent bond (amide bond) that joins 1 amino acid to the next

Non-covalent bond

Type of bond that relies on dispersed electromagnetic interactions based on full or partial electrical charges rather than involving sharing electron pairs

Denaturation

When a protein loses its shape from bonds breaking due to heat or pH changes

Phosphodiester bond

the covalent bond that links nucleotides, between a phosphate and a pentose

Glycosidic linkage

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Ester linkage

The linkage formed between the glycerol molecule and the fatty acids through dehydration synthesis.

Dehydration reaction

Chemical reaction where 2 molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule

Hydrolysis

Chemical reaction where the bond between 2 monomers is broken and water is released

Ion

Atom that is charged from the gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of electrons

Organic molecule

any molecule with CH

Phospholipid

Type of lipid made of a phosphate, glycerol, and two fatty acid tails

Phospholipid heads are ___ and the tails are___

polar, nonpolar

Enzyme

biological catalyst that’s usually a protein

Why is water polar?

Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen which causes unequal sharing of electrons

What are the 5 properties of water?

Cohesion, high solvency, less dense as liquid, high specific heat capacity

Why does ice float?

Hydrogen bonds push water molecules further apart, which makes it less dense than liquid water

What are 3 types of nucleic acids?

DNA, RNA, ATP

What is the process by which polymers are split?

hydrolysis reaction

How does an enzyme change the rate of chemical reactions?

By lowering the activation energy

Induced fit

How an enzyme's active site is flexible and slightly changes shape to tightly bind a substrate

What are the two types of enzyme inhibition?

Competitive Inhibition, Allosteric/Non-competitive inhibition

Polar elements

O, N, S

hydrophilic

polar/charged

hydrophobic

non polar