French Revolution Chapter 6

On April 28, 1789, unrest exploded at a Paris ________________

Wallpaper factory

In 1789, France still clung to an outdated social system: _____________

ancien regime

Ancien regime (old order)

Everyone was divided into three social classes or ESTATES

The first estate

Made of the clergy

The second estate

Made of nobility

The third estate

Made of the rest of the population

in 1789, the church owned ___ percent of the land and paid no direct taxes to the state, so they enjoyed immense wealth

10

High Church leaders

Bishops and abbots, came from noble origins and lived very well

Parish priests

From humble origins, might be as poor as their peasant congregations

Nuns, monks, and priests ran ______, _______, and _______

Schools, hospitals, orphanages

However, during the enlightenment, philosophes targeted the church for reform. In response many churches _________ the enlightenment

Condemned, cast out, you get the point bro

In the 1600s, ___________ and ________ crushed the nobles military power but gave them other rights.

Richelieu and Louis XIV

Those nobles rights included:

Top jobs in government, the army, the courts, and the Church

Many nobles owned land, but received little _______________________

Financial income

Nobles hated ____________ and resented royal bureaucracy that employed middle class men to positions once reserved for them.

Absolutism

At the top of the third estate was the ____________, or middle class.

Bourgeoisie

The Bourgeoise

Included bankers, merchants, manufacturers, doctors, lawyers, journalists, and professors.

The bulk of the third estate, however, was made up of _________

Rural peasants, though some were landowners and some could be laborers

Poorest members of the third estate

Urban workers

Urban workers

Included apprentices, journeymen, others who worked in industries such as printing or clothmaking. Many earned a living as servants, stable hands, construction workers, or street sellers, though many were unemployed or resorted to begging and crime.

However, rich or poor, all members of the third estate had one thing in common:

They resented the privileges enjoyed by the second and first estates

Because of privileges, those in the First and Second estates paid almost _____________

No taxes, leaving the burden on the third estate

_________ left France in deep debt after the Seven Years’ War and the American Revolution.

Louis XIV

By 1789, half of the governments income from taxes went to paying _______________________

The interest on the debt created

In the late 1780s, bad harvests led to ___________________________________

Food prices soaring, leading to hunger for peasants and city dwellers

The government would need to ___________, _____________, or both, but the clergy and nobility wanted to avoid the former at all costs

Raise taxes, lower expenses

Louis XV

Ruling from 1715-1774, he indulged in pleasure and ran up more debts

Louis XVI

Well meaning, but feeble. He chose Jacques Necker as an advisor, who was very helpful by suggesting reduced court expenses, reformed government, and abolishing tariffs on internal trade. However, he was dismissed after suggesting to tax the first and second estate due to pressure from the clergy and nobility.

Wealthy and upper classes demanded the king summon the ______________

Estates-General

Estates-General

The legislative body consisting of representatives of the estates.

A French King had not called the Estates-General in ____ at this point

175

As 1788 came to a close, France was close to ___________ as bread riots spread and nobility denounced royal tyranny

Bankruptcy

Louis XVI summoned the Estates-General for the ________________

Following year (1789), in Versailles

To prepare, Louis had all estates prepare ______, listing their grievances.

Cahiers

Cahiers

Notebooks

Many cahiers called for reform such as:

Fairer taxes, freedom of press, or regular meetings of the Estates-General

Delegates to the Estates-General from the Third Estate were elected, though only ___________ could vote, meaning mostly lawyers, middle-class officials, and writers made up the delegates

Propertied men

The Estates-General convened in _________

May 1789

Each estate had one vote. Why was this unfair?

The first and second estates always outvoted the third estate by 2/3

Thus, this time, the third estate wanted all estates to meet in a _________, with votes counted “by head”

Single body

In ____________, the delegates of the third estate boldly declared themselves the National Assembly

June 1789

After the King locked their meeting house, the National Assembly took an oath in a nearby tennis court, now known as the _________________

Tennis Court Oath

On July 14th, 1789, rumors spread that troops were going to occupy the capital. More than 800 Parisians assembled outside the _______, a grim prison, to demand weapons the gunpowder from them

Bastille

The commander of Bastille refused, and consequently, the mob broke through the defenses and killed ____________ and the ___________, releasing many prisoners as well.

Five guards and the commander

Since 1880, ________ in considered their national independence day

Bastille Day

The four phases of the revolution

Moderate phase of National Assembly, radical phase (Reign of Terror), Directory, and the Age of Napoleon

The political crisis of 1789 coincided with the worst __________ in memory

Famine

People had to spend over ___ percent of their income on bread

80

Rumors set off and created the “___________”

Great Fear

Angry peasants set fire to _______________ and stole ______ from storehouses

Old manor records, grain

Moderates in Paris looked to the ________________________, who fought alongside George Washington.

Marquis de Lafayette

Lafayette led the ______________, a largely middle-class militia organized in response to the arrival of the royal troops in Paris.

National Guard

The guard adopted the tricolor: ___, ____, and _____

Red, white, and blue

A more radical group, ______________, replaced royalist government around the city

the Paris Commune

On August 4th, in an all-night meeting, nobles in the National Assembly voted to _____________________________________________________

End their own privileges, including old manorial duties, hunting rights, special legal status, and exemption from taxes

In late August, the assembly issue the ___________________________________

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, modeled on the Declaration of Independence (written 13 years earlier)

The declaration further claimed that: “all male citizens were equal before the law”

Essentially, men should be distinguished by virtues and talents (meritocracy)

Slogan of declaration

“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

In 1791, ___________, a journalist, demanded equal rights for women

Olympus de Gouges

Olympe de Gouges demanded women rights in the

Rights of Women and the Female citizen, though many women who supported her ideals were imprisoned and executed for them

On October 5, about ________ women marched ___ miles in the rain from Paris to Versailles, demanding to see the king and shouting “bread!”

6,000 and 13

Much anger of the March was directed at _________________, who lived a life of extreme extravagance.

Marie Antoinette

The women refused to leave until the King returned to Paris, and so he did. Louis was essentially a prisoner for the next __ years.

3

To pay off government debt, the assembly voted to ___________________________

Take over and sell church lands

The National Assembly put the French Catholic Church under _____ control.

State

Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790)

Bishops and priests are elected, salaried officials, ended papal authority over French Church, dissolved convents and monasteries.

The Constitution of 1791

Set up a limited monarchy, with a new legislative assembly with the power to make laws, collect taxes, and decide on issues of war and peace

Lawmakers would be elected by tax-paying male citizens over the age of ___

25

For government efficiency, the constitution replaced the old provinces with

83 departments of roughly equal size and abolished old provincial courts

In ______1791, Louis, Marie, and their children attempted to escape but they were caught and escorted back to Paris, where the king was labeled a traitor to the revolution.

June

Europeans rulers increased border control to stop the spread of the “_______”

French Plague

Fears were fueled by stories from the ______, nobles, clergy, and others who fled France.

Emigres

____________, a British writer and statesman who supported the American Revolution, condemned the French one, predicting it would become too violent.

Edmund Burke

In August 1791, the king of Prussia and the emperor of Austria issued the ___________

Declaration of Pilnitz, saying they would intervene to protect French monarchy if necessary. Though it could have been mostly a bluff, revolutionaries prepared for war.

In October 1791, the new _______________________ took office.

Legislative Assembly

How long did the Legislative Assembly last?

Less than a year

Another name for working class men and women

sans-culottes

By 1791, the sans-culottes demanded a ____________, or government ruled by elected representative instead of a monarch.

Republic

Within the Legislative Assembly, several hostile factions competed for power. The sans-culottes found support among the ________

Radicals, especially Jacobins

Jacobins

Mostly middle-class lawyers or intellectuals who used newspapers to advance the republic cause

Opposing the radicals:

Moderate reformers or political officials

Radicals soon held the upper hand in the Legislative Assembly. In April 1792, the Legislative Assembly declared ___________________________________

War on Austria , then Prussia, Britain and other states

Though the great powers expected an easy win, the fighting lasted on and off from _____ to ____

1792 to 1815

On August 10, 1792, a crowd of Parisians stormed the royal palace of the _________ and slaughtered the King’s guards.

Tuleries

The royal family fled to the ______________________, escaping before the mob arrived

Legislative Assembly

A month after the attack on the palace, citizens attack prisons that contained _______________________________________________________, and about _____ prisoners were killed though many were ordinary criminals.

Nobles and priests accused of political offenses, 1,200 were killed

Radicals took control of the assembly and called for the election of a new legislative body called the ____________________

National Convention

The right to vote or otherwise known as ______, was to be extended to all male citizens, not just property owners

Suffrage

The Convention met in September 1792 and was more radical than ever. It voted to abolish _______ and establish a ________, or know as the __________

Monarchy, republic, French Republic

_______ drew up a new constitution for France

Deputies

The ________, who controlled the Convention, set out to erase all traces of the old order by seizing the lands of nobility and abolishing noble titles.

Jacobins

During the early months as a Republic, the Convention also put ________ on trial as a traitor to France.

Louis XVI

The king was convicted by _____________ and sentenced to death

A single vote

In the morning, during _________ 1793, the king was executed. In ________, Marie was also executed.

January, October

By early 1793, the country was at war with much of Europe, including _______, ________________, _______, and ______

Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, and Prussia

To deal with the threats, the Convention created the ________________

Committee of Public Safety

Committee of Public Safety

12-member committee with almost absolute power that created a levee en masse, or mass levy and were in charge of trials and executions.

Mass levy / Levee en masse

A tax that required all citizens to contribute to the war effort

French armies overran ____________ and later invaded ____

The Netherlands, Italy

At home, soldiers crushed _________________

Peasant revolts