Spanish Literature: From the Enlightenment to the Avant-Garde

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Vocabulary flashcards covering major Spanish literary movements, key authors, works, and artistic concepts from the Enlightenment (Ilustración) through the Avant-Garde (Vanguardismo).

40 Terms

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Ilustración

Movimiento del siglo XVIII que utilizó la razón y la ciencia para explicar el mundo y se opuso a la superstición; en España entró en conflicto con las ideas religiosas.

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Romanticismo

Movimiento literario y cultural (1800–1850) donde los sentimientos y la imaginación eran tan importantes como la razón, enfatizando emociones intensas, naturaleza misteriosa, la experiencia subjetiva individual, sueños, mitos y supersticiones.

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Gótico

Estilo de los siglos XVIII y XIX definido por el misterio, el miedo, una atmósfera sobrenatural (fantasmas, brujas), imágenes macabras de horror, melancolía, nostalgia por el pasado, ambientes nocturnos y condiciones atmosféricas.

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Francisco de Goya

Destacado artista español conocido por obras como Caprichos, Desastres de la guerra, las Pinturas negras y Saturno devorando a su hijo.

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El Estudiante de Salamanca

Obra que combina el Romanticismo y el ambiente gótico, protagonizada por el héroe rebelde Don Félix, con temas de amor, muerte y elementos sobrenaturales.

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Mujer Fatal

Tropo omnipresente en la literatura y el arte de finales del siglo XIX, caracterizada como bella, independiente, misteriosa, con promiscuidad sexual, ambigüedad moral y que invoca la muerte.

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Emilia Pardo Bazán

Autora de Posesión y El Rival, obras que incorporan el tropo decimonónico de la Mujer Fatal.

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Generación del 98

Grupo de escritores surgido tras la pérdida de las últimas colonias españolas en la Guerra hispano-estadounidense, caracterizado por el existencialismo, la preocupación por el futuro de España, el sentimiento patriótico y la melancolía.

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Modernismo

Movimiento (1900–1930) que surge frente al mundo industrial de máquinas y fábricas, caracterizado por la preocupación existencial por el sentido de la vida, melancolía, muerte, jardines otoñales, fuentes débiles, estanques y colores predilectos como el oro, el gris y la nieve.

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El Jardín Gris

Obra modernista que presenta un jardín, personificación y temas existencialistas.

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Azorín

Autor de Fin de Mundo, cuya obra aborda el existencialismo, preguntas sobre el progreso, la preocupación por el futuro y el sentido de la vida cuando no existen problemas.

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Vanguardismo

Movimiento de vanguardia (1920–1930) que enfatizó el ritmo rápido y movimiento, el vocabulario técnico, avances como la electricidad y espacios modernos como la ciudad y los medios de transporte.

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Generación del 27

Grupo de jóvenes y alegres poetas y escritores españoles establecido hacia 1927, unidos por la amistad y asociados con figuras como Salvador Dalí y Las Sinsombrero.

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Las Sinsombrero

Grupo de escritoras y artistas pertenecientes a la Generación del 27 que rechazaron los límites sociales tradicionales.

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Futurismo

Rama de las vanguardias (ismo) definida por la admiración hacia las máquinas, la expresión de la simultaneidad, el frenesí de la velocidad y una estética de la simplicidad.

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Cubismo

Rama vanguardista que plantea un nuevo modo de entender el espacio a través de la perspectiva, la fragmentación, la yuxtaposición de momentos y el entorno urbano.

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Ultraísmo

Rama vanguardista caracterizada por metáforas, neologismos, vocabulario técnico, percepciones fragmentarias, simultaneidad y velocidad.

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Surrealismo

Rama vanguardista enfocada en el subconsciente (mundo privado e individual), el mundo onírico, una realidad alterna, lo extraño, ideas irracionales, desarticulación y la lucha contra el orden y la razón.

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Paseo de Buster Keaton

Obra surrealista que presenta a Buster Keaton y el bosque (Buster Keaton y el bosque), caracterizada por el absurdo, vacas, sonidos interpelantes, ideas violentas e irracionales y eventos desconectados.

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Cinetandem

Obra o concepto vanguardista que resalta luces, movimiento rápido y sonidos urbanos.

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Madrid: Arco Voltaico

Pieza vanguardista que refleja la ciudad urbana moderna, la electricidad y el uso de vocabulario técnico.

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Yungay, Peru (1970)

  • Hazard Type: Debris flow
  • Trigger: A megathrust earthquake destabilized a massive glacial ice slab that broke off, melted, and mixed with rock and soil.
  • Impact: Buried the town and resulted in approximately 20,00020{,}000 fatalities.
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Vaiont Dam, Italy (1963)

  • Hazard Type: Rockslide
  • Trigger: Filling the newly built reservoir increased pore water pressure along rock bedding planes, causing a massive block of bedrock to slide into the lake.
  • Impact: Displaced lake water formed an enormous wave that overtopped the dam and destroyed towns downriver.
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Ventnor, Isle of Wight, England

  • Hazard Type: Slump
  • Trigger: Historical urban development situated on an ancient landslide complex, reactivated and accelerated by heavy rainfall.
  • Characteristics: Ongoing movement measuring around 5 mm5\,\text{mm} per month across 1111 identified slumps.
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Portuguese Bend, Southern California

  • Hazard Type: Slump
  • Trigger: Continuous slow landslide movement (44 to 5 inches5\,\text{inches} per day) reactivated by highway construction that added fill without adequate stabilization.
  • Impact: Caused the progressive destruction of more than 5050 homes.
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La Conchita, California

  • Hazard Type: Debris flow
  • Trigger: Active tectonic uplift, sea-spray weathering that softened the coastal bluff rock, and intense rainfall combined with waterspouts.
  • Impact: Repeated slope failures that damaged coastal properties and destroyed a gas station.
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Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

  • Hazard Type: Mudflow
  • Trigger: Steep mountain topography, heavily weathered bedrock, and severe tropical rainfall.
  • Impact: Devastating mudflows that swept through informal favela settlements on steep, vulnerable hillsides.
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Niigata, Japan (1964)

  • Hazard Type: Soil liquefaction
  • Trigger: Strong earthquake shaking of water-saturated, loose sandy soil with a high water table.
  • Impact: Significant foundation failures that caused multistory apartment buildings to tilt intact and damaged harbor infrastructure.
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Elm, Switzerland (1881)

  • Hazard Type: Rockfall / Rock avalanche
  • Trigger: Undercutting of soft slate strata by a commercial quarry, preceded by noticeable cracks and falling rock precursors.
  • Impact: The cliff collapsed into a fast-moving rock avalanche that killed 115115 villagers after warning signs were ignored.
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Oso, Washington (2014)

  • Hazard Type: Slump / Mudflow
  • Trigger: River erosion cutting into the toe of the slope and prolonged heavy rainfall reactivating an ancient slump deposit.
  • Impact: Highly fluid mass rapidly crossed the river, buried a residential neighborhood, and killed 4343 people.
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Bingham Canyon Copper Mine, Utah (2013)

  • Hazard Type: Rock avalanche / Open-pit slope failure
  • Scale: A massive slide in a $2.5 billion\$2.5\,\text{billion} mining operation.
  • Mitigation: An advanced geotechnical radar and monitoring network detected preliminary tension cracks, allowing operators to evacuate workers and equipment before the collapse.
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2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

  • Trigger: Magnitude 9.39.3 megathrust earthquake along the Sunda Trench subduction zone.
  • Impact: Over 230,000230{,}000 people died across multiple bordering nations.
  • Key Vulnerability: Absence of an integrated ocean-wide tsunami warning system in the Indian Ocean.
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Lituya Bay, Alaska (1958)

  • Hazard Type: Megatsunami
  • Trigger: A major earthquake triggered an enormous rockfall from a high cliff directly into a confined fjord.
  • Impact: Created a record wave run-up of 524 m524\,\text{m}; remarkably, occupants aboard a small fishing boat survived by riding over the crest.
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Storegga Slide

  • Hazard Type: Submarine landslide / Tsunami
  • Location & Trigger: Catastrophic gravitational collapse of a large section of the continental shelf off the coast of Norway.
  • Impact: Triggered prehistoric ocean-wide tsunamis across the North Atlantic and surrounding coastlines.
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Cape Verde Megatsunami

  • Hazard Type: Volcanic island flank collapse
  • Trigger: Structural collapse of an oceanic volcano's flank into the deep ocean.
  • Impact: Produced a massive ocean wave that reached run-up elevations of up to 240 m240\,\text{m} on neighboring islands.
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Ogallala Aquifer Depletion

  • Hazard Type: Groundwater depletion and potential subsidence
  • Cause: Intensive extraction for crop irrigation in a semi-arid, dry climate exceeding natural recharge rates.
  • Consequence: Recharge is exceptionally slow, meaning depleted reserves require hundreds to thousands of years to recover.
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Winter Park, Florida (1981)

  • Hazard Type: Dissolution sinkhole (Karst)
  • Trigger: Water table fluctuation (drought followed by heavy precipitation) in soluble limestone, compounded by urban construction.
  • Characteristics: Expanded over several days to 300 ft300\,\text{ft} wide and 100 ft100\,\text{ft} deep, swallowing cars and an Olympic-sized swimming pool without human casualties.
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South Asian Monsoon

  • Hazard Type: Atmospheric / Seasonal flood hazard
  • Characteristics: Seasonal wind reversal bringing continuous torrential summer rains that trigger widespread flooding across India and South Asia over multiple months.
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Joplin, Missouri Tornado (2011)

  • Hazard Type: Atmospheric hazard (EF5 tornado)
  • Trigger: A rotating supercell thunderstorm producing an extremely intense, multi-vortex tornado with a direct hit on the city.
  • Impact & Action: Heavy infrastructure destruction including a major medical center, where staff safely moved patients into reinforced interior hallways before impact.
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Hurricane Helene (2024)

  • Hazard Type: Atmospheric hazard (Category 44 hurricane)
  • Characteristics: Underwent rapid intensification over exceptionally warm sea-surface temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico before making landfall.