MS114 Midterm - Key Terms

Globalization Research Paradigms

-Homogenization/Convergence

-Differentiation/Conflict

-Hybridization

Thesis of Convergence

-A worldwide third wave of democratization following the idea of the 'most advanced country' and the universal triumph of the idea of a liberal democracy

Fear of Convergence

-Cultures lost due to the dominant culture (Irish language)

Hope of Convergence

-Modernization and democratization

Capitalism and Convergence

Capitalism spreads and conforms culture to its needs

Convergence Tradoffs

-Showing the mixing of cultures and speaks of assimilation

-However introduces issues of how this can cause a culture to become forgotten/lost if those who practice it assimilate fully to western norms

Cultures become

-More alike under globalization

Ritzer's McDonaldization

-Efficiency

-Calculability

-Predictability

-Control

Peterse's Critique

-Local adaptations - glocalisation

-Different people in practice

-Massive power imbalances like wish culture dominate

-Convergence is partial, not total

Differentiation/Conflict

-Seeing other cultures as competing united theories about a clash of organizations

Huntington's model...

-Of global cultural conflicts, the differentiation paradigm

Theories of culture...

-Are used to distinguish one group from another

Culture Relativism

-An angle characterized as culturalist differentialism

Language as...

-The key to nationhood

Cultural distinction for...

-One's own nation and inferiority for others has usually been expressed through racial terms

Culture differentialism...

-Can serve as a position in defence of cultural diversity

Culture differentialism continues...

-To allow for separation in societies, even if they are technically mixing. Meaning that although there is a mix in cultures occurring, some aspects are intended to keep certain communities within environments that are not fully equipped to handle the population, therefore leading to bad circumstances

Another axis of cultural differentiation opposed...

-Individualism to communalism

US Culture highlights...

-Family and oneself and from that sets up a defining set of values based on moral principles

In a community where religion is not a primary source of identification...

-The individual and family emerge as the main culture references for people, especially for young people

Cultures are...

-Separate, enduring, like billiard balls

Huntington's Class of Civilizations

-Civilizations are fixed, deep structures

-Fault-like conflicts "West vs Rest"

Pieterse's Critique of Huntington

-Cultures aren't sealed; they mix and overlap

-Could lead to potentially harmful conflict

Hybridisation

-Theory exploring mixing cultures to create social identities

-Cultural hybridisation or ongoing mixing

-Historical aspect (doctrines of racial purity and integrism completely disregard the existence of mixed individuals)

Global Public Sphere

-Concept of the Global Public Sphere is closely tied to the shifting context of political debate resulting from globalization

Global Public Sphere - Shift in Scope

- It is the space of debate on public affairs that has shifted from the national to the global domain due to the process of globalization.

Global Public Sphere - Construction

It is increasingly constructed around global communication networks.

Global Public Sphere - Components

The contemporary or new global public sphere is defined as a multimodal communication space. It is largely dependent on the global/local communication media system, which includes:

-TV, Radio, Print Press

Cosmopolitanism

-Cosmopolitan globalization: an elite with shared values and information

-Essentially, cosmopolitanism is the idea that we are all one big global community beyond just our countries and local identities

Global Imagination

-A collective way of seeing, understanding, and feeling, at a global level. She argued that exposure to a growing rate of compelling stories is key to opening up people's imaginations

-New visibility

Appropriation

-Hybrid cultural practices; an uneasy relationship with appropriation, imperialism and social stability 

Five Scapes of Globalization

-Ethnoscapes

-Technoscapes

-Ideoscapes

-Financescapes

-Mediascapes

Ethnoscapes

-Migration of people across political and cultural borders

-Geography and culture

-Globalization term - Diaspora

-The dispersion of any people from their original homeland to other parts of the world

Technoscapes

-How tech facilitates exchange across borders

-How tech knowledge moves across borders

Ideoscapes

-Movement of political ideological views across formerly isolated regions

Financescapes

-Global markets for goods and labor

-Capital investments across borders

-Interdependence economies

Mediascapes

-Movement of media around the world

-Representation of other cultures

-Imagined communities shaped via media

-Scripts and narratives develop (Orgad)

Cold War Era Shift

-(1946-1980s)

-Foreign public opinion became foreign policy priority for US

Cold War Ideological Struggle

-For 'hearts and minds' winning the public's opinion

Cold War Psychological Warfare

-Promoting dissent as 'containment' of Soviet Russia/ Capitalist USA

-20th century tech allowed a shift from elite diplomacy to public influence campaigns

Cold War Impact

-Shaped early media globalization as tool for national defense

-Media is for ideological battle (national war) rather than consensus building (public sphere)

Cold War Media...

-Tech and laws fostered a system of competing nations rather than transnational cooperation

Office of War Information (OWI) Objective

-Use of press, radio, and motion picture . . . to assure an accurate and consistent flow of information info to the US and the world'

-Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Broadcast to Eastern Bloc

-Shortwave radio: earliest international electronic broadcasting

The U.S> government...

-Enlisted willing television networks (ABC, NBC) to marginalize alternate voices and helped to create and sustain Cold War Orthodoxy

Propaganda Types

-White

-Black

-Gray

White Propaganda

-Suppression of harmful ideas, promotion of positive information

Black Propaganda

-Strategic transmission of lies to improve propagandist or damage opposition

Gray Propaganda

-Reckless use of information for desired public response with uncertain producers

National Principles as Public Diplomacy

-USA = Freedom of Information

-USSR = Suppression of Public Information

Private networks air state media

-Cooperation of major US media companies to influence US public

Government enlists

-Private news networks to propagandize U.S. Citizen

The use of private media companies to support government objectives

-Aided the war effort and at once, undermined independence of U.S. media a key claim in the Cold War campaign against the U.S.S.R

Public Diplomacy / Soft Power

-Use of mass media to communicate the intent and or character of a group / nation

Soft Power (Nye)

-"If a state can make its power seen legitimate in the eyes of others, it will encounter less resistance to its wishes"

Ability to affect others to obtain...

-the outcomes one wants thru attraction rather than coercion or payments

Country's soft power rests on...

-Resources of culture, values, policies

Public diplomacy is one of the important tools of smart power...

-However you need an understanding of roles of credibility, self criticism, and civil society in generating soft power to uphold smart power

Three Pillar of Soft Power

-Culture

-Political Values

-Foreign Policies

Soft power relies on...

-Cultural, ideologicalm and institutional appeal of a nation

-Versus economic 'carrots' and military 'sticks'

-Credibility: Actions/politics matter; not just messaging

3 Ways of Obtaining Power

-Threats of coercion ("sticks")

-Inducements and payments ("carrots")

-Attraction that makes others want what you want

You need soft powert to...

-Hold some power in the democratic world

Economic Inducements

-Financial or material benefts used to motivate a specific behavior, while cultural attraction uses heritage, arts, and a distinct sense of place to draw people in

3 Ways of Obtaining Military Power

-Threats of coercion ("sticks")

-Inducements and payments ("carrots")

-Attraction that makes others want what you want

Cultural / Media Imperialism Types

-Territorial Imperialism

-Cultural Imperialism

-Media Imperialism

Territorial Imperialism

-Land and resources

-Colonial era and Russia 2020s

Cultural Imperialism

-Ideas and identity, fashion and food, language and customs

Media Imperialism (Boyd-Barret)

-Role of mass media in processes of cultural imperialism

-Media from larger nations dominate cultural industries of smaller nations

-Critics of media imperialism seek cultural autonomy and diversity (vs. homogenization)

One-way Flow: Dominant Media Flows

-US led western media available across the globe

Transnational Flows

-Strong regional presenceb tu also courting foreign audiences

Asymmetrical Interdependence

-Cultural proximity

-Recognizes the varying degree of dependence

-Audiences have independent interpretations and different viewing contexts

Contra-Flow (Thussu)

-The movement of culture from global south to North through migration and "reversed" media flows

Thussu - Categories of Geopolitical Flows

-Contraflow as "the rise of the rest"

Factors in Geopolitical Flows

-The growth of non-western media production centers (telenovelas, bollywood, k-pop, al jazeera)

-New forms of distributing these medias (satellite, internet, app-based content, sales

K-Wave & Contraflow

-Thru risign popularity of k-pop groups, such as BTS

-Many fans consume such media and emulate the "k wave" look/style

-Superfans also then follow kdramas, use the same beauty products, or learn how to cook korean food

Shim states that...

-The growth of cultural proximity and contraflow has led to strains of globalization discourse as there is danger of romanticizing and fetishing "national" culture

Diaspora

-The dispersion of any people from their original homeland to other parts of the world

Free Flow of Information

-The "free flow of information" refers to the unrestricted movement and sharing of ideas and data across borders and platforms, supporting open discussion, transparency, and informed decision-making

McDonaldization

-Standardized production of a good or service (Media or even food)

McDonaldization Rationalization

-Format Slaes

-Genre Adoption

-Production Techniques

-Cultural Themes

-Rating/Box office metrics

-Predictable profits = sequels

McDonaldization Key Points

-McDonaldization underlines structure changes at economic, political, and other institutional levels

5 Elements of McDonaldization

-Designing systems of efficiency

-Ensuring Systems as calculable

-Creating Predictability

-Exert control over most aspects of a system

-Use of non-human technologies

Multicultural Society: 4 Models

-Monoculture

-Melting Pot

-Cultural Mosaic

-Cultural Stratification

Monoculture

-Homogenous society

-Broad consensus on values

-Low immigration

-Ex: Japan "Uchi-soto" (In-out)

-Belief: Cultural exclusion

Melting Pot

-Heterogeneous societies

-Assimilation/ convergence goals

-High immigration patterns

-Ex: The United States

-Belief: Common ideology

Cultural Mosaic

-Heterogeneous

-Culturally diverse groups coexist but remain distinct

-Canada (3rd language policy)

-Belief: Culture matters

Cultural Stratification

-Heterogeneous-homogenous

-Cultural diversity exists but its suppressed

-Turkey (vs Kurdish subculture)

-Ex: 1997-2011 98% of Armenian cultural sites destroyed in contested regions by Azerbaijan

-Belief: Cultural Superiority

Kim and Shn

-Skeptical of media imperialism thesis for Korea

-Propaganda function nulled by language barrier

-Korean consumers passed on early rock

-Few record players in 1964; vocal group was foreign, rural areas remained traditional

-"Western" music if influenced by Afro-caribbean (p.202)

K & S argue for Rok as...

-Hybridity (local resilience) despite military influences

Rock or Rok Conclusions

-Youth Culture revolution replicated Korea: Park's anti decadence campaign (vs. the long hair youth culture)

-Does Korean pop compliment the imperialism thesis: What does it mean as cultures evolve into hybrid forms?

Transnational Genre

-a category of media, like a film or a song, that transcends national boundaries through its production, distribution, themes, or cultural influences. It often involves cross-border collaboration, blending elements from different cultures to create narratives that resonate

with a global audience