435 Exam 1 - Typical Development: Prenatal through 1st Year

germinal (pre-embryonic)

What phase of prenatal developmental is occurs from 0-2 weeks post-conception?

germinal (pre-embryonic)

phase of prenatal developmental which occurs from 0-2 weeks post-conception and includes conception, zygote formation, blastocyst formation, cell division differentiation, and implantation

embryonic

What phase of prenatal developmental is occurs from 3-8 weeks post-conception?

embryonic

phase of prenatal developmental which occurs from 3-8 weeks post-conception and includes embryonic disc formation and formation of the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

fetal

phase of prenatal developmental which occurs from 9-40 weeks post-conception and includes brain development and rapid growth

fetal

What phase of prenatal developmental is occurs from 9-40 weeks post-conception?

0-2 weeks

When does the germinal (pre-embryonic) phase occur relative to conception?

3-8 weeks

When does the embryonic phase occur relative to conception?

9-40 weeks

When does the fetal phase occur relative to conception?

germinal (pre-embryonic), embryonic, fetal

Name the 3 phases of prenatal development.

37-40 weeks

How many weeks (range) is a typical pregnancy?

23 weeks

What is the prenatal age of viability?

week 5

What week of prenatal developmental does neural tube formation occur?

week 8

By what week of prenatal development are all major organs and body systems developing?

week 10

By what week of prenatal development are arms, hands, fingers, feet, and toes fully formed?

week 11

By what week of prenatal development does the fetus being moving extremities?

week 19

By what week of prenatal development can fetal movement of extremities be felt?

week 30

By what week of prenatal development can the fetus control its own body temperature (outside of the womb)?

week 11

By what week of fetal development are tactile/proprioceptive sensory nerve endings functioning?

true

True or false: temperature discrimination develops at the end of the third trimester.

false

True or false: temperature discrimination develops at the beginning of the third trimester.

17-21 weeks

The vestibular system is functional by how many weeks (range) of prenatal development?

vestibular system

Which sensory system most strongly impacts an infant’s state, ability to rest, and ability to self-regulate?

week 4

By what week of fetal development do gustatory structures first emerge?

week 20

By what week of fetal development are gustatory structures completely formed?

week 26-28

By what week of fetal development does the withdrawal response from bitter taste develop?

week 8

By what week of fetal development are olfactory structures completely formed?

false

True or false: the visual system is complete developed at birth

visual

Which sensory system is the earliest to begin developing?

false

True or false: the visual system is the earliest to begin developing and the earliest to finish developing.

visual

What is the most complex sensory system?

dynamic systems theory

theory of development which considers internal and external systems, including a child’s mind, body, physical, and social environment, which impact development; views process as dynamic and constantly evolving

primitive reflexes, postural reactions and fixations, proprioception and vestibular/balance function, visual function (oculomotor and visual perception), higher level skills

List the hierarchy of motor control in order of development:

• higher level skills

• postural reactions and fixations

• primitive reflexes

• proprioception and vestibular/balance function

• visual function (oculomotor and visual perception)

neuromaturation

assumes a hierarchy of central nervous system function in which the sequence and rate of motor development are consistent across typically developing children and low-level skills are prerequisites for higher-level skills

primitive reflexes

reflexes present at or just after birth and typically integrate in the first year of life, but may re-emerge after brain trauma or injury; persistence or re-emergence indicates CNS dysfunction

Moro reflex

• primitive reflex

• sudden loss of support or a loud sound causes infant to fling out their arms, spread their fingers, and cry before pulling their arms back in

• purpose: fight or flight

• appears: birth

• integrated by: 2-4 months

• signs of retention: over-reactive, startles easily, poor development of head control, fearful of movement

birth, 2-4 months

The Moro reflex appears at ____ and should be integrated by ____.

Moro reflex

The following are signs of retention of what primitive reflex: over-reactive, startles easily, poor development of head control, fearful of movement.

rooting reflex

• primitive reflex

• infant turns their head and opens their mouth toward a touch on the cheek or corner of the mouth

• purpose: automatic respond to turn toward food

• appears: birth

• integrated by: 3-4 months

• signs of retention: speech delays, oral hypersensitivity, difficulty chewing or swallowing solid foods, persistent drooling

palmar grasp reflex

• primitive reflex

• infant closes their fingers tightly when something touches or applies pressure to their palm

• purpose: fingers flex to grasp

• appears: birth

• integrated by: 5-6 months

• signs of retention: difficulty with fine motor skill development and precise release of grasp

asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

• primitive reflex

• normal newborn movement pattern where turning a baby's head to one side causes the arm and leg on that side to straighten while the opposite limbs bend

• purpose: helps build early muscle tone, aids movement through the birth canal, develops cross pattern movements

• integrated by: 6 months

• signs of retention: poor hand-eye coordination, difficulty with hands to midline, trouble crossing midline

asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

What does “ATNR” stand for?

same, opposite

When the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) occurs, the infant’s head is turned and the limbs on the ____ (opposite or same) side straighten while the limbs on the ____ (opposite or same) side bend.

straighten, bend

When the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) occurs, the infant’s head is turned and the limbs on the same side ____ (bend or straighten) while the limbs on the opposite side ____ (bend or straighten) .

spinal galant

• primitive reflex

• an involuntary movement where an infant curves their hip toward the side of the lower back when the skin near the spine is stroked

• purpose: assist baby with birth process

• appears: birth

• integrated by: 3-9 months

• signs of retention: poor concentration, toileting difficulties, postural issues; often seen in cerebral palsy

tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR)

• primitive reflex

• prone: neck flexion triggers arms, legs, and trunk to curl inward; supine: neck extension triggers arms, legs, and trunk to stiffen

• purpose: basis for head management and postural stability

• appears: in utero

• integrated by: prone: 4-6 months; supine; 6 months-3 years

• signs of retention: poor muscle tone, toe walking, spatial orientation issues, impedes activities that require trunk co-activation

Landau reflex

• primitive reflex

• postural reflex where an infant held horizontally face-down in the air lifts their head, arches their back, and extends their legs into a "superman" or "swimming" position

• purpose: assist with posture development

• appears: 4-5 months

• integrated by: 1 year

• signs of retention: poor motor development

tonic labyrinthine reflex

What does “TLR” stand for?

symmetrical tonic neck reflex

What does “STNR” stand for?

symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR)

• primitive reflex

• in quadruped position, neck extension elicits extension in arms and flexion in legs; neck flexion elicits flexion in arms and extension in legs   

• purpose: preparation for crawling

• appears: 6-9 months

• integrated by: 9-11 months

• signs of retention: slump while sitting, poor muscle tone, poor reciprocal movements for crawling and walking

cognition, perception, action

Development of motor control requires interaction between three different processes. Name these processes.

vertical righting reactions, protective reactions, equilibrium reactions, associated movements or reactions (overflow, mirroring)

Name 4 reactions for postural control.

tonic labyrinthine prone (TLP)

Which primitive reflex typically integrates first: tonic labyrinthine prone (TLP) or tonic labyrinthine supine (TLS)

vertical movement

Which type of motor skills typically develops first: horizontal movement or vertical movement?

control of static position, vertical movement, horizontal movement, diagonal movement, control of dynamic position, transition between positions

List the general progression of motor skill development in order:

• control of dynamic position

• control of static position

• diagonal movement

• horizontal movement

• transition between positions

• vertical movement

head to toe

Does motor development typically progress from head to toe or from toe to head?

proximal to distal

Does motor development typically progress from distal to proximal or proximal to distal?

mass movements

Which typically occurs first in motor development: mass movements or specific movements?

prone

Which type of play helps develop balance, strength, coordination, and endurance in infants: prone or supine?

6 months

At what age does sitting typically occur?

dynamic, stability

Transitioning between positions requires:

• ____ sitting balance

• shoulder girdle ____

prone to supine

Does the prone to supine transition or the supine to prone transition typically occur first?

prone to supine

Which transition pattern occurs around 4-5 months of age?

• prone to supine

• quadruped to sitting

• sitting to prone

• sitting to quadruped

• supine to prone

prone to supine, supine to prone, quadruped to sitting, sitting to prone, sitting to quadruped

List the following transitions in order of appearance:

• prone to supine

• quadruped to sitting

• sitting to prone

• sitting to quadruped

• supine to prone

supine to prone

Which transition pattern occurs around 5-6 months of age?

• prone to supine

• quadruped to sitting

• sitting to prone

• sitting to quadruped

• supine to prone

quadruped to sitting, sitting to prone

• Which transition pattern occurs around 7 months of age? (2)

  • prone to supine

  • quadruped to sitting

  • sitting to prone

  • sitting to quadruped

  • supine to prone

sitting to quadruped

Which transition pattern occurs around 8-10 months of age?

• prone to supine

• quadruped to sitting

• sitting to prone

• sitting to quadruped

• supine to prone

quadruped to sitting, sitting to prone

Which 2 transition pattern occur around the same time (7 months)?

• prone to supine

• quadruped to sitting

• sitting to prone

• sitting to quadruped

• supine to prone

crawling

movement pattern in which infant is on belly and pulling themselves forward with their arms

creeping

movement pattern in which infant is on their hands and knees with their belly off the ground

core, visual, bilateral, spatial, fine, independent

Significance of crawling (belly on ground) and creeping (belly off ground):

• Strengthens ___ muscles

• ____ perceptual development

• development of ___ coordination

• body perception and ___ awareness

• weight bearing through UE influences ___ motor development

• provides ___ means to explore and learn

4-6 months

At what age does palmar grasp develop?

palmar grasp

grasp pattern in which palm and all fingers are in contact with the object

10-12 months

At what age does pincer grasp develop?

pincer grasp

grasp pattern in which object is held with tips of index finger and thumb

palmar grasp

Which grasp pattern develops first: palmar grasp or pincer grasp

6-7 months

At what age can an infant transfer toys from one hand to another?

4 months

At what age can an infant reach out for toys?

6 weeks

At what age can an infant follow a moving object or face by turning their head?

reach, grasp, carry, release

List the following fine motor skills in order of development:

• carry

• grasp

• reach

• release

palmar, radial palmar, radial digital, pincer

List the following grasp patterns in order of development:

• palmar

• pincer

• radial digital

• radial palmar

10-12 months

At what age does bimanual action emerge?

2 months

How old would an infant with the following visual skills be:

• able to visually fixate

• improved contrast sensitivity

4 months

How old would an infant with the following visual skills be:

• able to visually fixate

• improved contrast sensitivity

• color discrimination

• pattern organization

5 months

How old would an infant with the following visual skills be:

• able to visually fixate

• improved contrast sensitivity

• color discrimination

• pattern organization

• perception of emotional expression

• developing visual recognition memory

6 months

How old would an infant with the following visual skills be:

• able to visually fixate

• improved contrast sensitivity

• color discrimination

• pattern organization

• perception of emotional expression

• developing visual recognition memory

• visual acuity 20/80

• improved scanning and tracking

visual recognition memory

cognitive ability to identify whether a previously seen item, person, or scene is familiar or new; established by 5-7 months

visual habituation

a form of non-associative learning where an organism's visual attention or behavioral response decreases after repeated or prolonged exposure to the same visual stimulus; a reduction in looking time or neural response as a visual image or object becomes familiar and fully encoded in memory

True

True or false: visual perceptual skills are present at birth.

affordance

an action possibility offered by the environment or an object to an observer, based on the physical capabilities of the observer and salient properties of the environment

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Name Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development.

sensorimotor

Which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development occurs from birth to 2 years?

preoperational

Which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development occurs from 2-7 years?

concrete operational

Which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development occurs from 7-11 years?

formal operational

Which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development occurs from 12 years and up?

sensorimotor

• Piaget stage of cognitive development which occurs from birth to 2 years

• involves exploration of the work through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, grasping)

• includes development of object permanence and stranger anxiety

preoperational

• Piaget stage of cognitive development which occurs from 2-7 years

• involves representing and referring to objects and events with words and images, using intuitive rather than logical reasoning, and believing inanimate objects possess human feelings/emotions

• includes development of pretend play and egocentrism

object permanence, stranger anxiety

Name two key developments in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development

temperament

stable traits that influence how individuals process and respond to their environment; categorized as easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm based on:

• activity level

• approach or withdrawal

• distractibility

• intensity of response

• attention span

• persistence

• quality of mood

• rhythmicity

• sensory threshold

• adaptability

neurophysiological modulation, sensorimotor modulation, control

Name three stages of emotional regulation development in infants.