Patho Exam #3

Signs of hypoxia

Anxiousness

Fast breathing

Fast heart rate

Hypoxia vs hypoxemia

Hypoxia:

• Low O2 in organs and tissues

Hypoxemia

• Low O2 in blood

another name for open fracture

compound

grinding/popping sound of bone rubbing on bone

crepitus

What is the normal pH and how does the respiratory system help regulate it

• 7.35-7.45

• Increased breathing- Expels CO2 which raises pH

• Decreased breathing- Retains CO2 which lowers pH

Influenza vs infections rhinitis (common cold)

infections rhinitis

• Caused by rhinovirus

• 2-3 days

Sinusitis symptoms

• Inflammation of sinus cavities

• Nasal pain and nasal congestion

what is it called when a bone is not healed in more than 6 months

non-union

Epiglottitis

• what is it

• What causes it

• Common symptoms

• What risks?

• inflammation of epiglottis

• Caused by HIB

• Difficulty swallowing and drooling with mouth open

• Blocking airway

Laryngitis

Inflammation of larynx

• typically because of overuse

• Hoarseness and raw feeling in throat

• Rest voice

Atelectasis

• What is it

• Causes

• Prevention

What is it

• Collapse of alveoli

Causes

• lung compression

Prevention

• Increase mobility, cough, incentive spirometry

Pleural effusion

• what is it

• Causes

• Excessive fluid in pleural cavity (space around lungs)

• Fluid may be body fluid, pus, blood

• Trauma or pneumonia

Pneumothorax

• what is it

• Symptoms

• types

• who is at risk

What is it

• air in the pleural cavity that results in LUNG COLLAPSE

Symptoms

• decreased breath sounds

Types

• trauamatic

  • results from a penetrating injury

• Tension

  • air is trapped and can displace the heart

• Who is at risk

  • Tall stature, smoking

TB

• What is it

• symptoms

• spreads by…

What is it

• attacks lungs

Symptoms

• coughing up blood, night sweats, unexplained wieght loss

HOw does it get spread

• air droplets

Primary vs secondary TB

Primary

• When the bacteria enters body

• It can remain dormant for years

• NOT INFECTIOUS YET but will test positive

SEcondaery

• Reactivation of dormant bacteria

• Symptoms develop

What is the only way to 100% be diagnosed with TB

Sputum culture

Lung Cancer

• main causes

• symptoms

• SMOKING and asbestos exposure (construction)

Symptoms

• persistant cough, coughing blood

cystic fibrosis

• What is it

• symptoms

• What complications

• What is it

  • Thick mucus that obstructs GI system and lungs

• Symptoms

  • Recurrent lung infections

  • Moist crackles

• complications

  • obstruction of airways bc of mucous

  • Lead to infections bc bacteria gets stuck in der

  • NUTRIENTS CANNOT absorb bc of mucous

Asthma

• what happens in the lungs

• triggers

what happens in lungs

• airway inflammation

• airway CONSTRICTION

• brochoSPASMS

Triggers

• allergens, stress, smoke, exercise

Risk facotrs for COPD

Trouble breathing in or out?

SMOKING

out

Differences between emphysema and chronic bronchitis

• Emphysema

• PINK PUFFERS

• damage to alveolar walls lead to PERMANENTLY INFLATED ALVEOLI

• become barrel chested

• Anorexia

Chronic bronchitis

• BLUE BLOATERS

• inflammation of bronchi

• productive cough bc of EXCESSIVE MUCOUS PRODUCTION

orthopnea

shortness of breath that happens when lying flat on back

Scoliosis

• causes

• Complications

Causes

• Genetics, unequal leg length, spinal cord compression

Complications

• Pulmonary compromise!!

• Chronic pain

• Degenerative arthritis on spine

Types of fractures

Complications of fractures

• Deep vein thrombosis

• Fat emboli syndrome

Compartment syndrome

• what is it

• How would you know it is occuring

• serious condition that is swelling in fascia which cuts off nerves and blood vessels

• Pain out of proportion to the injury

Osteomyelitis

• What is it

• What can cause it

• What is it

  • Infection of bone

• What can cause it

  • surgical contamination, open wound fracture, metal plates/screws

Rickets/Osteomalacia

• What is it

• Cause

• Symptoms

• What it is

  • Soft and weak bones

• Main Cause

  • Vitamin D deficiency

• Symptoms

  • Bowed legs, dental problems (soft teeth

Difference between dislocation and subluxation

Dislocation

• Complete separation of joint

Subluxation

• Partial separation

Sprains vs Strains

Sprain

• Over stretching or tearing of ligament

• Ankle and knee most common

Strains

• Stretching or tearing of tendons and muscles

• Lower back most common

Ligament vs tendons

Ligaments

• bone to bone

Tendons

• Muscle to bone

Herniated disk

• What is it

• causes

• effects/symptoms

What is it

• Nucleus between two spine bones pushes out through a crack in outer layer, sometimes pressing on nearby nerves

Causes

• Improper body mechanics, trauma, lifting heavy objects, degenerative changes

Effects and symptoms

• may not have symptoms

• Limited mobility

• Back or leg pain

Ankylosing spondylitis

Progressive inflammatory disorder that starts in lower back and progresses up the spine

• results in fusing

Osteoporosis

• what is it

• causes

• risk factors

• prevention

• What is it

  • leaves bones BRITTLE

• Causes

  • dietary, menopause, physical inactivity

• risk factors

  • being female, underweight, CORTICOSTERIODS

• main prevention

  • weight bearing activities

Paget disease

• what is occuring

• What are risks

Occurring

• Excessive bone destruction and then replaced by chalky and weak bone

• Results in misshapen or thickened bones

Risks

• PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURES,

Osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis

Osteo-

• Caused by excessive mechanical stress on the joint

• Cartilage breaks down then bone rubs on bone

• Inflammation RESULTS from it

• ONE SIDED

rheumatoid-

• Autoimmune

• Starts with inflammation which eventually pushes joint out of place

• BOTH SIDES

Types of arthritis

Osteoarthritis

• Cartledge break down bc of stress

rheumatoid

• Autoimmune inflammation

Infectious (septic)

• Bacterial infection in joint

Psoriatic

• associated with psoriasis

Gout

• What is it

• Triggers

• What is a tophus

What is it

• Deposits of uric acid crystals in tissues and fluids

Triggers

• Eating diet rich in meat or seafood (purines)

Tophus

• Hard swollen lump that occurs

Muscular dystrophy (do not need to know individual types)

• common factors

• Symptoms

What is it

• Genetic degeneration of MUSCLE

Symptoms

• Bone pain (most dominant), gowers manuever in children, poor coordination

Bone tumors

• Where do most originate from

• Complications/symptoms

Originate from

• Mostly from secondary tumors

Complicatios

• Pathological fractures, bone pain

Types of bone cancers

Types:

• Osteosarcoma

  • Begins in BONE CELLS

  • most common

• Chondrosarcoma

  • In cartilage cells (ends of bones)

• Ewings sarcoma

  • Aggressive, origin unknown

• Multiple myeloma

  • In bone marrow

Fibromyalgia

• symptoms

• how to diagnose

• Extreme fatigue and widespread pain

• Presence of pain at least three months duration and tenderness in 11 out of 18 pressure points

Disuse atrophy

Reduction of normal size muscle cells because of inactivity

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Pressure on MEDIAN nerve causing pins and needles in fingers on THUMB side

Delayed union (fracture complication)

3-6 months after fracture, bone pain is increasing

Malunion (fracture complication)

improper alignment

Nonunion (fracture complication)

Not healed in more than 6 months

Croup

Seal-like barking cough

Bonchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi

Bronchiolitis

inflammation of small bronchioles

ALSO CALLED RSV

• commonly in cold months

Right and left symptoms of a stroke

right-

• Visual and spatial awareness

• IMPULSIVE and UNAWARE OF DEFICITS

• Ignore left side

Left-

• Language, math, analytical

• MORE EMOTIONAL bc Understands what limitations they have

• More slow and cautious

Ischemic vs hemorrhagic stroke

• differences

• most common

• most fatal

• biggest risk factors

• differences

  • Ischemic- vessel occlusion bc of clot or plaque

  • Hemorrhagic- vessels rupture so bleeding

• most common

  • ischemic

• most fatal

  • Hemorrhagic

• biggest risk factors

  • A-FIB!!!!, HYPERTENSION, Blood thinners

Common symtoms of a stroke

• headaches

• Weakness/ numbness

• difficulty with speech

• Visual disturbances

• Gait and balance problems

what’s the difference between TIA and stroke?

TIA is a warning sign for an ischemic stroke

• revolves within 24 hours or less

What stroke is a TIA a predictor of

ischemic

• Cerebral Aneurysm – risks and main cause

risks

• Could put pressure on surrounding tissues, could leak or rupture,

• HYPER TENSION BIGGEST CAUSE

Postictal period – what is it/what occurs

The time right after the seizure occurs

• confusion, VERY TIRED (go into deep sleep)

Status epilepticus – what is it  & what should you be concerned about with it

• 30 minutes or more of continuous seizure activity

• Could cause reduced oxygenation, damage to neural tissue, brain not returning to normal functioning

Tension vs migrane headaches

Tension

• From muscle tension

• Band of pain around head

Migraine

• may have aura

• nausea, photophobia

• one sided usually

·       Multiple Sclerosis –

o   What is it (what’s occurring)

o   Who’s at risk for it?

o   Typical symptoms/progression

• What is is

  • Nerves of spine and brain degenerate (myelin sheath)

  • Slows or stops nerve conduction

• Who is at risk

  • Women

  • colder climate

• Symptoms

  • weakness in one or more arm/leg

  • MUSCLE SPASMS

  • loss of balance/coordination

• Parkinson’s disease –

  • what is it

  • typical symptoms/characteristics

• Lack of dopamine

• Results in tremors (ESP. PILL ROLLING) and difficulty initiating or continuing movement

• Also mask-like appearance to face

·       ALS –

o   What is it?

o   Typical symptoms

• No nerve stimulation to VOLUNTARY muscles

  • Sensation and cognition remains intact

• Fatal (3-5 year life expectancy

Symptoms

• difficulty swallowing and talking, upper body gets spastic and lower gets limp

• Guillain-Barre

  • What is it

    • Progression

What is it

• 3 weeks after infection, immune system attacks nerves resulting in TEMPORARY paralysis

Progression

• Goes from ends of toes and fingers and ascends to CORE

• Myasthenia Gravis

  • What is occurring

  • What are the symptoms/effects

• Acetylcholine receptors are destroyed which causes weakness of voluntary muscles

• Drooping eyelids, double vision, difficulty standing from chair

• SYMPTOMS BETTER IN START OF DAY AND WORSE END OF DAY

Trigeminal neuralgia

sudden and brief one sided stabbing pain

Could be caused by trauma

Bells Palsy

One sided face (only on face) paralysis (FOREHEAD CANNOT WRINKLE)

temporary

·       Meningitis –

• Causes & which are worse

• Risks – who’s at highest risk

• How is it diagnosed

• symptoms (including Kernig and Brudzinski signs)

• inflammation of the surrounding of brain and spinal cord

• bacteria or virus (bacterial is worse)

• being in a communal setting…

• If spinal fluid is clear- viral if cloudy and glucose-bacterial

• Kernig and Brudzinski signs

  • flex of hips and knees when neck flexes

  • resistance to extending legs while hip flexing

• FEVER and elevated CSF WBC

• Encephalitis

  • What is it

  • Causes

• inflammation of brain (in tissues)

• Lyme disease, rabies, west nile…

• Differences between Encephalitis and Meningitis

Location

• Encephalitis - inside brain tissue

• Meningitis- outside brain tissue

Brain herniation – what is it, when does it happen

• displacement of brain tissue

• caused by increased intercranial pressure

epidural hematoma vs subdural hematoma

epidural

• loss on consciousness, short period of alertness, loss of consciousness again

• ARTERIAL TEAR (so bleeds very fast)

Subdural

• VEIN TEAR

• slower bleeding

Cerebral contusion – description and symptoms including Coup/Countercoup

• bruising of the brain

• coup

  • initial area of brain impacts skull

• Countercoup

  • opposite side of brain hits when it rebounds

• Comes from sudden stop and start

Basilar skull fracture

• Base of skull

• Cerebral spinal fluid will leak out of ears and nose

• INFECTION RISK

• Bruising over eyes and behind ears

Aspiration pnuemonia

Food or liquid inhaled into the lungs

Lobular pnuemonia

Confined to a single lobe

bronchopnuemonia

Most frequent type

• throughout several lobes

interstitial/ atypical pnuemonia

Occurs in areas between the alveoli

Legionnaire’s disease (pnuemonia)

thirves in warm and moist environments

• AC units and hot tubs

Pneumocystic Carinii Pneumonia

Caused by yeast-like fungus