Preconception Nutrition Part 1

life expectancy for US population

increased 0.6 years in 2024

age adjusted death rate

decreased 3.8%

infant mortality rate

did not change significantly

GLP 1

used to manage type 2 diabetes and aid in weight loss

how GLP 1 works

mimicks effects of a natural hormone that regulates blood sugar and appetite

new 2025 dietary guidelines

more protein, dairy, and healthy fats, vegetables and fruits; less whole grains

infant feeding

exclusive breast feeding for 6 months, then introduce food

added sugars and salt recommendations

no added sugar, and salt; limit of 10 g added sugar per meal, sodium stayed the same

leading cause of death

heart disease (CVD)

nutrition related health conditions

obesity, CVD, diabetes, cancer, bone health and muscle strength

nutrient density

less calories in nutrient dense foods; more calories in empty calorie foods

AHA sugar guidelines for children

ages 2-18; no more than 25g added sugar per day; to prevent obesity and chronic disease

under age 2; no added sugars

enamel erosion

pH 3-4 is erosive and 2-3 is extreme; coca cola has a pH of 2.4

what is healthy people 2030

objectives for the nation to achieve over a 10 year time period

2030 examples

reduce caloric consumption from added sugars, increase vegetable consumption, reduce proportion of adults with obesity

CDC stats on obesity

all US states had an obesity prevalence of 25% or higher. midwest and south had highest prevalence

obesity is

common, serious, and costly

physical activity issue

only half of adults get the PA they need; not enough PA is costly

childhood obesity stats (ages 2-19)

prevalence was 19.7%; childhood obesity is more common among certain populations, hispanics and non hispanic blacks

waists are expanding..

faster than BMI

average man and women waist sizes

grew an inch; most meet criteria for metabolic syndrome

PA guidelines for americans

150 minutes per week of moderate intensity and 2 days a week of muscle strenghtening

CDC steps recommendation

10,000 or 5 miles; most walk more when they track their steps

women are born with a lifetime supply of

roughly 7 million immature ova; 400-500 matured and released during fertile years

chromosomes in ova can be damaged by

oxidation, radioactive particle exposure, and aging

wome greater than 35 are more likely to have disorders related to

chromosomal defects than younger women

risks of having children when over 50

3x risk for LBW and PB, and 2x risk of infant mortality

sperm production begins during

puberty; decreases somewhat after age 35 with production continuing to old age; age 40 linked to autism

menstrual cycle hormones

GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone

GnRH

stimulates pituitary to release FSH and LH

FSH

stimulates maturation of ovum and sperm

LH

stimulates secretion of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

estrogen

stimulates release of GnRH in follicular phase/follice maturation; stimulates vascularity and storage of glycogen/nutrients in uterus

progesterone

prepares uterus fr fertilized ovum, increase vascularity of endometrium, and stimulates cell division of fertilized ova

2 phases of menstrual cycle

follicular and luteal phase

follicular phase

first half of menstrual cycle; follicle growth and maturation

follicular phase hormones

GnRH, FSH, estrogen, progesterone

luteal phase

second half of menstrual cycle; after ovulation, forms corpus luteum; decrease in estrogen and progesterone stimulates menstrual flow via prostaglandins and cramps

changes in ovary and uterus correlated with

changing hormone levels during follicular and luteal phases

primary effect of chronic undernutrition

birth of small and frail infants with high likelihood of death in first year of life

acute undernutrition

associated with dramatic decline in fertility that recovers when food intake does

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