Lab 5: Ungulates

Metapodial

The long bones of the forelimbs and hindlimbs that bridge the gap between the ankles/wrists and the digits

Cannon bone

A highly strengthened bone formed through the evolutionary elongation and fusion of metapodial bones

Mesaxonic

Main axis of weight is supported by a single digit

Paraxonic

Even-toed ungulates

Lacrimal foramen

Foramen (hole) that serves as an exit for the lacrimal (tear) duct

Preorbital vacuity

Gap or hole between nasal and lacrimal bones

Pedicel

Stalk or stem supporting an organ or other structure

- Bony core
- Keratinized epidermis
- Never shed
- Never branch

Horns

- Entirely bony

- Shed anually

Antlers

Bony core, forked keratin sheath, shed annually 

Pronghorn

Bony core, live epidermis, never shed

Giraffe

Hardened keratin horn, never shed

Rhino

Teeth

Order Perissodactyla:

Order Artiodactyla:

*except omnivorous pigs:

Lophodont, Selenodont, Bunodont

Most _____ don’t have upper incisors, instead they have a “dental pad”

Ruminants

Order:

Family: Tapiridae

Common Name:

ruminant/non-ruminant

Perissodactyla, Tapir, non-ruminant

Order:

Family: Rhinocrotida

Common Name:

ruminant/non-ruminant

Perissodactyla, Rhino, non-ruminant

Order:

Family: Equidae

Common Name(s):

ruminant/non-ruminant

Perissodactyla, horse, mule, zebra, non-ruminant

Order:

Family: Suidae

Common Name(s):

ruminant/non-ruminant

Artiodactyla, pigs, hogs, and allies , non-ruminant

Order:

Family: Tayassuidae

Common Name:

ruminant/non-ruminant

Artiodactyla, peccary (javelina), non-ruminant

Family: Tayassuidae

Defining Feature:

Short, straight tusks

Order:

Family: Hippopotamidae

Common Name:

ruminant/non-ruminant

Artiodactyla, Hippo, non-ruminant

Order:

Family: Camelidae

Common Name:

ruminant/non-ruminant

Artiodactyla, camel, llama, alpaca, vicuna, guanaco, ruminant (3-chambered stomach)

Family: Camelidae

Defining Feature(s):

Wide diastema, caniniform upper incisors (no canines)

Order:

Family: Giraffidae

Common Name(s):

ruminant/non-ruminant

Artiodactyla, giraffe, okapi, ruminant (4-chambered stomach)

Order:

Family: Antilocapridae

Common Name:

ruminant/non-ruminant

Artiodactyla, pronghorn, ruminant (4-chambered stomach)

Order:

Family: Tragulidae

Common Name:

ruminant/non-ruminant

Artiodactyla, mouse-deer, ruminant (4-chambered stomach)

Order:

Family: Cervidae

Common Name(s):

ruminant/non-ruminant

Artiodactyla, deer, moose, caribou, elk, and allies, ruminant (4-chambered stomach)

Family: Cervidae

Defining Features:

Lacrimal foraminal, preorbital vacuity

Order: Artiodactyla

Family: Cervidae

Species-Family:

Common Name: Moose

Alces alces

Order: Artiodactyla

Family: Cervidae

Species-Family:

Common Name: Elk

Cervus canadensis

Order: Artiodactyla

Family: Cervidae

Species-Family:

Common Name: White-tailed deer

Odocoileus virginianus

Order:

Family: Bovidae

Common Name(s):

ruminant/non-ruminant

Artiodactyla, antelope, sheep, goat, cattle, and allies, ruminant (4-chambered stomach)

Family: Bovidae

Defining Feature(s):

Lacrimal foramen, no preorbital vauity