Paraguayan History, Political Concepts, and Geography

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering Paraguayan political history, 20th-century conflicts and treaties, constitutional developments, women's civic participation, and geographical boundaries.

Qué es el totalitarismo

Es una ideología y régimen político donde las libertades individuales están totalmente restringidas y el estado ejerce poder absoluto sin división de poder ni oposición legal

Menciona características principales de las ideologías totalitarias

Rechaza sistema democrático y parlamentario, establecimiento del partido único culto al líder censura del control total de la sociedad por parte del Estado

Qué es el comunismo?

Es una doctrina política, económica y social, que busca la evolución de la propiedad privada de los medios de producción y la eliminación de las clases sociales

Qué características caracterizaron al régimen comunista soviético?

Monopolio del poder por parte del partido comunista, planificación estatal, centralizada de la economía y rechazo de la democracia liberal hamburguesa

Qué es el caudillismo?

Modelo político de liderazgo, surgido en América Latina, tras la guerra de la independencia, donde un líder (caudillo) ejerce un poder carismático y militar, apoyado en redes de patronazgo e influencia civil

Qué es el paternalismo político?

Es la práctica o doctrina política que aplica las formas de autoridad de la figura paterna, a las relaciones sociales o de gobierno, ejerciendo protección a cambio de obediencia

Qué figura femenina sobresalió en la resistencia indígena, guaraní durante la colonia

Sobres salió la India Juliana, quién promovió el la rebelión de las mujeres indígenas contra la dominación de los encomenderos españoles

Quién fue la primera mujer, que dirigió un periódico en Paraguay y en qué años

Ramona Ferreira, quien dirigió el periódico vanguardista a la voz del siglo entre los años, 1902 y 1904

Por qué sólo salió ser afinado Dávalos en la historia paraguaya

Fue la primera abogada del Paraguay graduada en 1907, con la tesis, humanismo, pionera de feminismo, paraguayo y primera mujer, integrar el tribunal superior de justicia

Qué institución se fundó el 25 de abril de 1920

Se fundó el centro feminista, paraguayo, creado para la formación de la mujer, el sufragio femenino y los derechos civiles

Qué objetivos organizan los grupos juveniles a inicio del siglo XX en Paraguay

Para debatir ideas, políticas, promover reformas sociales y participar activamente En la vida civil universitaria del país

Quita los nombres de destacados fundadores del centro feminista paraguayo de 1920

Serafín Ávalos, Virginia Corbalán, Inés Enciso vellosos,Élida ugarriza hermelinda Ortiz y María felicidad González

Menciona cargo de representación política, ejercidos por mujeres en la actualidad

Ministra del poder ejecutivo, intendente municipales, concejales, diputados y senadores nacionales

Menciona denominaciones o agrupaciones juveniles de la década de 1920, según sus atuendos o afiliación

Los saco pucu Jóvenes intelectuales, que vestían sacos largos y los saco mbyky jóvenes de indumentaria más corta

Qué se entiende por tregua política y sindical, el impuesto en la historia paraguaya

Fueron periodos autoritarios de excepción donde el gobierno decretaba la proscripción de partidos políticos, prohibía la huelga sindicales y censuraba la prensa para mantener el orden

Quiénes fueron proclamados presidente vicepresidente del Paraguay, en noviembre de 1902

Fueron proclamados el Cnel Juan Antonio Escurra (presidente) y el Dr Manuel Domínguez (vicepresidente)

Cuál era una de las principales fuentes de ingresos fiscales y actividad económica de 1902

La venta de tierras públicas, el estanco del tabaco de la exportación de hierba, mate y maderas

Menciona intelectuales, paraguayos de relevancia, inicio del siglo XX

Eduardo Fleitas, Pedro, P Peña, Fulgencio, Moreno, Cecilio Báez, Manuel Domínguez, y Juan Silvano Godoy

Menciona prominente intelectuales y líderes afiliados al partido Colorado al inicio del siglo XX

Bernardino, caballero, Patricio Escobar, José Segundo Decoud , Juan E O’leary y Antolín, Irala

Menciona al destacados intelectuales y líderes afiliados al partido liberal, al inicio del siglo XX

Antonio Taboada, José de la cruz, Ayala, Cecilio Báez, Eusebio, Ayala y Manuel Gondra

Medidas de representación política aplico el general Higinio moríngo hacia la oposición

Decreto a la persecución de dirigentes, opositores, dispuso del confinamiento y destierro de liberales y disolvió el partido liberal de 1942

Cuál fue el antecedente directo de la guerra civil paraguaya de 1947

Ruptura de la alianza gubernamental en enero de 1947, y el intento de golpe militar contra el presidente Moriningo , motivado por la hegemonía del grupo guion Rojo,

Cómo se desarrolló la guerra civil de 1945

Se enfrentaron las fuerzas gubernamentales del general Moriningo y el partido Colorado, contra una coalición revolucionaria, integrada por febrerista, liberales y comunistas

Qué consecuencias dejó la guerra civil de1947

Más de 30,000 muertos entre civiles y militares, una severa crisis inflacionaria, el exilio, de miles de paraguayos y la consolidación de la hegemonía política del partido color

Más de 30,000

Qué sistema político prevaleció Paraguay entre 1947 y 1962

Un sistema de partido único y hegemonía incluyente donde el partido Colorado ejerció el control legal del Estado paraguayo

En qué circunstancias falleció el Mariscal, José Félix Estigarribia

Falleció el 7 de septiembre de 1940, en un trágico occidente, aéreo, acaecido de Loma grande, junto a su esposa Juliana Miranda, Cueto

Menciona tres características fundamentales de la Constitución nacional de 1940

1 incorporación del constitucionalismo social, 2 expresa recepción de la garantía de habeas corpus, 3 facultades para la nacionalización de servicios públicos y fortalecimiento del poder ejecutivo

Quién asumió la presidencial del Paraguay el 15 de agosto de 1928

Asumir la presidencia, don José Patricio Guggiari

Qué trágico acontecimiento ocurrió el 23 de octubre de 1931, en Asunción

Una manifestación de estudiantes frente al palacio de gobierno que exigía la defensa del chaco, fue reprimida con fuego de fusileria , resultando trágicamente con varios muertos y heridos

En qué año estalló la guerra del Chaco, entre Paraguay y Bolivia

Estallo en el año 1932 tras los incidentes en torno a la laguna pitiantuta/fortín Carlos Antonio López

Historical Population of the Americas

The demographic makeup historically formed by diverse native or aboriginal groups, followed by European immigration beginning in 1492, an African-origin population, and subsequent processes of mestizaje.

Arrival of Cristóbal Colón (1492)

The 1492 historical event that initiated the exploration, conquest, and colonization of the American continent by European powers.

América Latina

The group of countries in the American continent whose official languages derive from Latin (Spanish, Portuguese, and French), encompassing Mexico, Central America, the Antilles, and South America.

Totalitarismo

A political ideology and regime in which individual liberties are completely restricted, and the State exercises absolute power without division of powers or legal opposition.

Totalitarian Ideologies

Political doctrines defined by the rejection of democratic and parliamentary systems, the establishment of a single party, a cult of personality around the leader, censorship, and total State control over society.

Comunismo

A political, economic, and social doctrine that seeks the abolition of private ownership of the means of production and the elimination of social classes.

Soviet Communist Regime

A government system characterized by the monopoly of power by the Communist Party, centralized state economic planning, and the rejection of bourgeois liberal democracy.

Caudillismo

A political leadership model that emerged in Latin America following the wars of independence, wherein a leader (caudillo) exercises charismatic and military authority backed by patronage networks and civil influence.

Paternalismo Político

A political doctrine and practice that applies the authoritarian model of a father figure to social or governmental relationships, providing protection in exchange for obedience.

India Juliana

A prominent Guaraní female leader during colonial times who led a rebellion of indigenous women against the domination of Spanish encomenderos.

Ramona Ferreira

The first woman to direct a newspaper in Paraguay, leading the avant-garde publication 'La Voz del Siglo' between the years 1902 and 1904.

Serafina Dávalos

Paraguay's first female lawyer, who graduated in 1907 with the thesis 'Humanismo', pioneered Paraguayan feminism, and was the first woman to serve on the Superior Tribunal de Justicia.

Centro Feminista Paraguayo (CFP)

An organization founded on April 25, 1920, in Asunción to advance women's education, female suffrage, and civil rights.

Early 20th-Century Paraguayan Youth Groups

Student and civic associations created in the early 1900s in Paraguay to debate political ideas, advocate social reforms, and participate actively in civic and university life.

Founders of the Centro Feminista Paraguayo (1920)

A group of prominent women founders comprising Serafina Dávalos, Virginia Corbalán, Inés Enciso Vellosos, Élida Ugarriza, Hermelinda Ortiz, and María Felicidad González.

'Saco-pucú' and 'Saco-mbyky'

Paraguayan youth factions of the 1920s named after their clothing: 'Saco-pucú' were young intellectuals wearing long jackets, while 'Saco-mbyky' wore shorter coats.

'Tregua Política y Sindical'

Authoritarian periods of state of exception in Paraguayan history during which the government outlawed political parties, prohibited labor strikes, and censored the press to enforce public order.

Executive Leadership of Paraguay (November 1902)

The national executive administration proclaimed in November 1902, consisting of Cnel. Juan Antonio Escurra as President and Dr. Manuel Domínguez as Vice President.

Fiscal Revenues and Economy of Paraguay (1902)

The country's primary economic activities and sources of fiscal income in 1902, which included the sale of public lands, the state tobacco monopoly (estanco del tabaco), and the export of yerba mate and timber.

Partido Colorado Intellectuals (Early 20th Century)

Prominent intellectual figures and leaders affiliated with the Partido Colorado at the beginning of the 20th century, including Bernardino Caballero, Patricio Escobar, José Segundo Decoud, Juan E. O'Leary, and Antolín Irala.

Partido Liberal Intellectuals (Early 20th Century)

Prominent intellectual figures and leaders affiliated with the Partido Liberal at the beginning of the 20th century, including Antonio Taboada, José de la Cruz Ayala (Alón), Cecilio Báez, Eusebio Ayala, and Manuel Gondra.

Political Repression under General Higinio Morínigo

State-led repressive actions against the opposition that included persecuting rival leaders, ordering the confinement and exile of liberals, and formally dissolving the Partido Liberal in 1942.

Direct Antecedent of the 1947 Paraguayan Civil War

The rupture of the governing coalition in January 1947 and an attempted military coup against President Morínigo provoked by the political hegemony of the 'Guión Rojo' faction.

Paraguayan Civil War of 1947

A major internal conflict between the government forces of General Morínigo and the Partido Colorado against a revolutionary coalition consisting of febreristas, liberals, and communists.

Consequences of the 1947 Civil War

The aftermath of the conflict, which included over 30,000 dead among soldiers and civilians, a severe inflationary crisis, mass exile of thousands of citizens, and the consolidation of political hegemony by the Partido Colorado.

Paraguayan Political System (1947–1962)

A one-party regime characterized by exclusionary hegemony, in which the Partido Colorado maintained sole legal control of the Paraguayan State.

Death of Mariscal José Félix Estigarribia

The fatal aviation accident that occurred on September 7, 1940, in Loma Grande, claiming the life of the President alongside his wife Julia Miranda Cueto.

Constitution of Paraguay (1940)

The national constitution characterized by the adoption of social constitutionalism, explicit protection of Hábeas Corpus, state authorization to nationalize public services, and the reinforcement of the Executive Branch.

José Patricio Guggiari

The Paraguayan politician who assumed the office of President of the Republic on August 15, 1928.

Student Massacre of October 23, 1931

A student demonstration gathered in front of the Government Palace in Asunción demanding defense measures for the Chaco, which was met with rifle fire, resulting in multiple dead and wounded.

Outbreak of the Chaco War

The armed conflict between Paraguay and Bolivia that erupted in 1932 following military incidents around Laguna Pitiantuta and Fortín Carlos Antonio López.

Antecedents of the Chaco War

Diplomatic disputes over colonial boundary lines in the Chaco Boreal and the gradual establishment of military outposts by both Paraguay and Bolivia starting in the early 20th century.

Fortín Vanguardia Incident (1928)

A violent clash in the Chaco Boreal involving the capture and destruction of the Bolivian Fortín Vanguardia by Paraguayan troops led by Mayor Rafael Franco.

Formal Declaration of the Chaco War

The date on which Paraguay officially issued a formal declaration of war against Bolivia: May 10, 1933.

Socioeconomic Impact of the Chaco War

A severe global economic downturn, extensive fiscal indebtedness, and a restructuring of domestic politics via the emergence of new parties and social movements.

Chaco War Peace Protocol (1935)

The diplomatic agreement signed in Buenos Aires on June 12, 1935, that brought an end to military hostilities between Paraguay and Bolivia.

Revolution of February 17, 1936

A transformative political uprising triggered by deep social and institutional upheaval in Paraguay following the conclusion of the Chaco War.

Definitive Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Boundaries (1938)

The bilateral treaty signed on July 21, 1938, which formally and permanently established border delimitations between Paraguay and Bolivia.

Paraguayan Civil War of 1922–1923

A violent armed conflict resulting from an insurrection by a military faction allied with Liberal political factions against the central government.

'Presidente de la Victoria'

The designation given to Don Eusebio Ayala due to his extraordinary political, diplomatic, and fiscal management during the Chaco War (1932–1935).

Emerging Ideologies of the 1920s in Paraguay

New political currents that developed during the 1920s, consisting of Nacionalismo renovador, Comunismo/Socialismo, and the Liga Nacional de la Juventud.

Government of Eligio Ayala (1924–1928)

A presidential administration characterized by the restructuring of public finances, covert military procurement for the defense of the Chaco, tax reform, and the law establishing small agricultural landholdings.

Financial Policies of Eligio Ayala

Economic initiatives that generated a national budget surplus, stabilized the currency, stimulated the flour and meatpacking industries, and founded the Departamento de Tierras y Colonias.

Historia (Scientific Discipline)

The social science dedicated to researching, analyzing, and interpreting past events carried out by human beings across specific dimensions of time and space.

Geografía

A discipline etymologically derived from 'Geo' (Earth) and 'Graphia' (description), defined as the science studying the Earth's surface, its physical features, and its interaction with humans.

Geographic Hemispheres of Paraguay

The global placement of Paraguay: located in the Southern Hemisphere (Hemisferio Sur) relative to the Equator, and in the Western Hemisphere (Hemisferio Occidental) relative to the Prime Meridian.

Bordering Nations of Paraguay

The three neighboring countries bordering Paraguay: Argentina to the south and west, Brasil to the east and north, and Bolivia to the northwest.

Natural Borders between Paraguay and Argentina

Boundary lines established through post-Triple Alliance War treaties, delimited by the Pilcomayo, Paraguay, and Paraná rivers.

Natural Borders between Paraguay and Brasil

Physical border delineations established using the Paraguay, Apa, and Paraná rivers, the arroyo Estrella, and the Amambay and Mbaracayú mountain ranges.