blood, cardiovascular, lymphatic, and immune system

_______ transports everything that must be carried from one place to another through blood vessels

blood

what does blood transport

nutrients, wastes, hormones, and body heat

what is the only fluid tissue in the human body

blood

what type of tissue is blood

connective tissue

what are the components of blood

formed elements and plasma

what are formed elements

living cells

what is plasma

nonliving fluid matrix

what rises to the top when blood is separated

plasma

what percent of blood is plasma

55%

what are red blood cells called

erythrocytes

what percent of blood is erythrocytes

45%

what is the percentage of erythrocytes called

hematocrit

what does Buffy coat contain

leukocytes

what percent of blood is leukocytes (white blood cells and platelets)

less than 1%

what is a thin, whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma

Buffy coat

a sticky opaque fluid that is heavier and thicker than water

blood

what color is oxygen-rich blood

scarlet red

what color is oxygen-poor blood

dull red or purple

what is blood’s pH

7.35-7.45

is body temperature higher or lower than body temperature

higher

what percent of blood makes up body weight

8%

what percent of plasma is water

90%

what color is plasma

straw-colored fluid

most abundant solutes in plasma

plasma proteins

most are made by the liver

plasma proteins

an important blood buffer and contributes to osmotic pressure

albumin

help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

clotting proteins

help protect the body from pathogens

antibodies

red blood cells

erythrocytes

white blood cells

leukocytes

cell fragments

platelets

main function is to carry oxygen

red blood cells

anucleate (no nucleus)

red blood cells

contain few organelles; lack mitochondria

red blood cells

make ATP by anaerobic means

red blood cells

essentially “bags” of hemoglobin (Hb)

red blood cells

shaped like biconcave discs

red blood cells

how many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin molecule bind

4

a disease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood during to lower than normal number of RBCs, abnormal of deficient hemoglobin content in the RBCs

Anemia

results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin

sickle cell anemia (SCA)

disorder resulting from excessive or abnormal increase of RBC's due to bone marrow cancer and life at higher altitudes

polycythemia

increase in _______ slows blood flow and increases blood viscosity

red blood cells

crucial in body’s defense against disease

leukocytes

complete cells, with nucleus and organelles

leukocytes

move by amoeboid motion by forming cytoplasmic extensions to help them move

leukocytes

normal response to an infection but excessive production of abnormal WBCs during infectious mononucleosis or leukemia is pathological

leukcocytosis

abnormally low WBC count, commonly caused by certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents

leukopenia

bone marrow becomes cancerous, numerous immature WBC are produced

leukemia

what is a granulocyte

a type of leukocyte

what is a agranulocyte

a type of leukocyte

granulates in their cytoplasm can be stained, possess lobed nuclei, include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

granulocytes

lack visible cytoplasmic granules, nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney shaped. Include lymphocytes and monocytes

agranulocytes

most abundant WBC

neutrophils

2nd most abundant WBC

lymphocytes

3rd most abundant WBC

monocytes

4th most abundant WBC

eosinophils

least abundant WBC

basophils

trick to remember the WBCs (least to most abundant)

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

fragments of megakaryocytes (multinucleate cells), needed for clotting process

platelets

what is hematopoiesis

blood cell formation

hematopoiesis is the process of _________

blood cell formation

where does hematopoiesis occur

red bone marrow

what tissue does hematopoiesis occur in

myeloid

what is the common stem cell that all blood cells are derived from

hemocytoblast

what are the two descendants that hemocytoblasts form

lymphoid stem cell, myeloid stem cell

stem cell that produces lymphocytes

lymphoid stem cell

stem cell that can produce all other formed elements

myeloid stem cell

why cant RBCs divide, grow, or synthesize proteins

they are anucleate

how fast do RBCs wear out

100-120 days

when worn out, RBCs are eliminated by

phagocytes in the spleen or liver

young RBCs that enter the blood to become oxygen-transporting erythrocytes

reticulocytes

hormone that controls the rate of RBC production

erythropoietin

what organ products the most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood

kidneys

what are WBC and platelet production controlled by

hormones

the process of stopping the bleeding that results from a break in a blood vessel

hemostasis

phase one of hemostasis

vascular spasms

phase 2 of hemostasis

platelet plug formation

phase 3 of hemostasis

coagulation

blood usually clots within ________

3 to 6 minutes

immediate response to blood vessel injury, vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm, spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss

vascular spasms

collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel. platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers. platelets pile up to form a platelet plug

platelet plug formation

injured tissues release tissue factor, thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin

coagulation

a clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel. can be deadly in areas such as lungs

thrombus

a thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream. can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain

embolus

insufficient number of circulating platelets, arises from any condition that suppresses the bone marrow. even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting

thrombocytopenia

hereditary bleeding disorder, normal clotting factors are missing, minor tissue can cause life-threatening prolonged bleeding

hemophilia

blood contains genetically determined proteins known as ______

antigens

what pumps blood

the heart

allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body

blood vessels

transport oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones to and from cells

cardiovascular system (functions)

the heart is located in what cavity

thoracic cavity

double walled sac

pericardium

loose and superficial

fibrous pericardium

is deep to the fibrous pericardium and composed of two layers

serous membrane

outermost layer of the heart wall

epicardium

middle layer composed mostly of cardiac muscle

myocardium

inner layer known as endothelium

endocardium

carry blood away from the heart

arteries

carry blood towards the heart

veins

what side of the heart works as a pulmonary circuit pump

right side