Food Nutrition and Culture Midterm

fitness

relative ability of an organism to survive and transmit its genes to the next generation (reproductive success)

a feature shaped by natural selection, promoting survival and reproduction

adaptation

homology

trait is shared because of common descent

ability of a single genotype to alter its phenotype in response to environmental conditions

phenotypic plasticity

phenotype

physical characteristics of an organism

homoplasy

traits shared due to convergent evolution

vestigal structures

remnant of an ancestral trait

embryology

developmental similarities reflect descent from a common ancestor

transitional fossils

fossils in between 2 known species

amount of DNA and RNA sequences shared between humans and chimpanzees

98.6%

single species becomes many different species with different appearances, niches, and habitats (galapagos finches)

adaptive radiation

four components of natural selection

competition, variation, reproduction, inheritance

endozoochory

animals disperse seeds

scramble competition

occurs when increasing the group size results in less food for every individual

contest competition

dominants get access to food over subordinates

philopatry

when animals stay in the land/patch that they were raised on

1 female and male per small patch, no philopatry, strong M-F bonds

social monogamy

small, close patches with 1 female, 1 male per a few patches, no philopatry, no bonds

uni-male polygyny, solitary females

small, far apart patches with 1 female in them, many males cooperate to protect, male philopatry and strong M-M bonds

multi-male polygyny, solitary females

large, high quality patch with community of females, males defend all of them, female philopatry and strong F-F bonds

multi-male polygyny, close females

low quality and evenly distributed patches, low feeding competition, lots of ranging for food, 1 male with several females, no philopatry, weak F-F

uni-male polygyny, social females

optimal foraging theory

natural selection picks traits that maximize benefits and minimize costs

traits that maximize benefits in natural selection

energy intake, amount of food, quality of food

traits that minimize benefits in natural selection

travel and search time, processing, digestion, competition

Last Common Ancestor lived

6-8 mya

hominins walked with

bipedalism

hominins have ____ canines

small

hominins have ___ molars

large

hominins have ____ enamel

thick

hominins have ____ brains

large

hominins life histories are

slow with long juvenile period

reproduction in hominins is

overlapping, cooperative

the foramen magnum in huamns is

more towards the center of the skull

iliac blades in hominins are

short and sidewards facing

sahelanthropus tchadensis

Chad, 6-7 mya

orrorin tugenesis

Kenya, 6mya

ardipithecus ramidus

Ethiopia, 4.4mya

australopithecines

4-2mya

australopithecines had ____ brains

small

australopithecines walked upright

true

australopithecines had tree climbing ability

true

australopithecines had human sized bodies

false, chimp sized

australopithecines had ____ molars

large

australopithecus afarensis lived in and when

Ethiopia and Tanzania, 3-3.6mya

australopithecus afarensis lived on (type of land)

woody grassland

australopithecus afarensis

australopithecus afarensis had ____ molars

larger

australopithecus afarensis had ____ brain than a chimp

larger

australopithecus afarensis walked _______

upright

Lucy is an

australopithecus afarensis

homo ergaster/erectus lived

2mya to 100kya

homo habilis lived when and in

1.4-2.3mya in East and South Africa

first habitual tool user was the

homo habilis

homo ergaster/erectus lived in and when

Africa, 1.8mya to 600kya

the first hominin to leave Africa was

homo ergaster

two unique traits of homo ergaster

brow ridge, occipital torus (bone on back of head)

homo heidelbergensis lived when and where

1mya to 400kya in Africa and Europe

homo heidelbergensis ancestor of

sapiens and neanderthalis

homo sapiens first arrived

200,000ya

food changes that caused bipedalism

travel further between patches of food in woodland, carry food places

paranthropines lived

2.5mya to 1mya

paranthropines are a human ancestor

false

australopithecines had ____ fallback diets than chimps

tougher

paranthropus had ____ molars than australopithecines

larger, more surface area

first widely agreed upon stone tools

oldowan

usages of tools include

extracting insects, crack open food, test water depth

taphonomy

study of what happens to bone after death

central place foraging in hominins began

1.9mya

human molars and intestine are ______ of any primate with respect to body mass

smallest

cooking evolved

44-50kya

fire controlled by

1mya

expensive tissue hypothesis

big brained species pay less for guts

example of a primate that eats 100% animal matter

tarsier

chimps exemplify traits of ______ hunting

cooperative

if males want to trade meat for sex, then hunting would be more likely if _______ and _______ are present

swollen females and preferred social partner

hunting is more likely when fruit is _____

abundant

non-hunters and hunters are equally likely to obtain meat when ____ males go hunting

5

regular exploitation of large animals including percussion-based scavenging for fat-rich contents (bone marrow and brains)

human predatory pattern

what types of tools did the homo heidelbergensis use

spears, butchered animal bones

what types of tools did the homo sapiens use

blades, microliths

bipedalism and longer limbs means _____ costly transport

less

homo erectus/ergaster could outrun herbivore who die of overheating first

persistence hunting hypothesis

when genetic and environmental factors are controlled, wild chimps rely on _______ knowledge to solve a novel task

cultural

honey is a _____ weather food

warm

honey and meat eating are ______ correlated

negatively

this thing is used to deter and quiet bees for 10-15 mins

smoke

honeyguides

a type of bird that have a mutualistic relationship with humans where they guide them to honey

horticulture began

10,000ya

intensive agriculture started

4000ya

nomadic pastoralism started

8000ya

stratified HG started

more than 25,000ya

unstratified HGs started

2 million ya

HGs have ____ lifetime menstrual cycles than industrial humans

less

HGs are ____ fertile than industrialized humans

more

HGs didn’t have important recent inventions (iron, hunting dog)until around

70,000ya

Ache (Paraguay) diet consists primarily of

palm fiber, oranges, monkey, peccary

skill intensive resources

resources that are difficult to locate and/or extract

average peak in hunting proficiency across 40 groups is between

30-35 years old

highly mobile, small banded group that practices little to no food storage, central place foraging, and egalitarianism

unstratified HGs