Zoology lab Practicle 1

Defining features of Platyhelminthes:

• Acoelomate

• Triploblastic protostomes

• Blind gut

• Organ-level development

• Protonephridia

• Cephalization

• Monoecious

• Protonephridia

Classes within Platyhelminthes

• Turbellaria

• Trematoda

• Monogenea

• Cestoda

Turbellaria

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

• Planarians

• Non-parasitic, mostly free-living

• Auricles used to detect chemicals in water

• Light-sensitive eyespots

• Reversible pharynx

• Has flame cells

Trematoda

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

• Flukes

• Endoparasitic life cycle

  • Makes them very complex

• Tegument present

Mongenea

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

• Ectoparasitic

• Lack respiratory, skeletal, and circularity systems

• Have opistaptor

Cestoda

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

• Endoparasitic

• Do not have mouths - have scolex

• Made of proglottids

Monoecious

Organism is both sexes at the same time

Flame cells

Fluid balance and excretion

Acoelomic

No true body cavity

Cephalization

Head region present

Blind gut

Only has a mouth, food and waste go in and out of it

Tegument

Special epidermal cuticle that prevents parasite from being digested

Hydrostatic skeleton

Body structure due to water pressure

Fluke life stages

Egg → Miracidium → Sporocyst → Radia → Cercariae → Metacercaria → Adult

Defining features of Nematoda:

• Pseudocoelomate

• Cephalization

• Triploblastic protostomes

• Complete gut

• Dioecious

• Tegument

• Hydrostatic skeleton

• Dorsal and ventral nerve cords

• Lateral lines

• Ecdysis

Dioecious

Either male or female

Pseudocoelmate

Primitive kidney

Ecdysis

The process of shedding/molting

What are lateral lines used for in Nematodes?

Excretion

Defining characteristic of Annelida:

• Eucoelomates

• Segmented

• Closed circulatory system

• Complete gut

• Hydrostatic skeleton

• Setae

• Dorsal brain

• Ventral nerve cord

• Hermaphroditic

Classes within Annelida:

• Polychaetes

• Oligochaetes

• Leeches

Polychaetes

Phylum: Annelida

• Lots of setae, attached parapodia

• Well-developed head

• Some have feeding tentacles

Oligochaetes

• Few setae

• Clitellum present

• Underdeveloped head region

• Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial life

Leeches

Phylum: Annelida

• Anterior and posterior suckers

• Ectoparasites

• Clitellum ONLY during breeding season

Setae

Hair-like bristles

Clitellum

band of tissue used for reproduction and secretion of a cocoon that contains fertilized eggs

Esophagus

Pathway between pharynx and crop

Crop

Temporary food storage

Intestine

Nutrient absorption

Heart

Regulates blood pressure

Intestine

Nutrient absorption

Dorsal blood vessel

Return blood to arches

Ventral blood vessel

Distributes blood

Nephridia

Excretion of nitrogenous waste

Septa

Partitions between segments

Circular/longitudinal muscle

Muscle for locomotion

Defining features of Porifera

• Cellular level of organization - NO TRUE TISSUES/ORGANS

• Sessile

• Filter feeders

• Spicules/ collagen fibers work as internal skeleton

Classes within Porifera

Calcarea

Hexactinellida

Demospongiae

Calcarea

• Phylum: Porifera

• Spicules of calcium

• Asconoid, syconoid, or leuconoid

• Small, tubular, or vase-shaped

Hexactinellida

• Phylum: Porifera

• Spicules of silica

• Glass-like lattice when dead

• Syconoid or leuconoid

Demospongiae

• Phylum: Porifera

• Spicules of silica or sponging

• Leuconoid

• Mostly large

Asconoid

• One internal cavity lined with choanocytes

• Reduced surface area (small)

• Tube-shaped

Syconoid

• Tubular with a singular osculum

• Lining folded outward canals lines with choanocytes

• Increased surface area

• Tube-shaped

Leuconoid

• Most complex

• Small chambers lined with choanocytes

• Increased surface area

Defining features of Cnidaria

• Tissue-level organization - NO ORGANS

• Neural net - limited coordinated movement and behavior

• Cnidocytes - specialized stinging cells

• Two distinct life phases

• Hydrostatic skeleton

Classes within Cnidaria

Hydrozoa

Scyphozoa

Cubozoa

Anthzoa

Hydrozoa

• Phylum: Cnidaria

• Polyp dominant

• Medusa form - bell projects inward to form velum

• Most colonial

• Specialized polyps for prey

Scyphozoa

• Phylum: Cnidaria

• Medusa dominant

• No velum present on bell of Medusa (bell margin scalloped)

• Four gastric pouches connected to radial canals and ring canals

Cubozoa

• Phylum: Cnidaria

• Medusa dominant

• Bell is square

• Velarium instead of velum

• Flattened pedalium on each tentacle

Anthozoa

• Phylum: Cnidaria

• Polyp dominant

• Flower-like appearance

• NO medusa stage

Identify 2

Dermal ostia

Identify 5

Incurrent canals

Identify 6

Porocyte - line dermal ostia

Identify 6

Radial canals

Identify 4

Spongocoel - secrete spongin collagen

Identify 1

Osculum

Identify 8

Choanocytes - create water flow to collect food/sexual reproduction

Identify 7

Mesophyl

Identify 4

Amoebocytes - phagocytize food

Identify 5

Pinacocytes - form pinacoderm/ incipient tissue

Identify what is happening

Budding

Identify the structure

Cnidocyte - cells that contain cnidae

Identify 9

Epidermis - protective outer-layer of cells

Identify 8

Gastrodermis - Nutritive muscular cells for digestion and muscular movement

Identify 10

Gastrovascular cavity - blind gut

Identify 7

Mesoglea - acts as an elastic skeleton

Identify 12

Mouth

Identify the structure

Nematocyst - specialized type of cnidocyte that contains toxin

Identify 11

Tentacles

Taxonomy

Practice of classifying organisms

Binomial nomenclature

Scientific naming in a two-part format

Systematics

Study of degrees of relatedness among species

Phylogenetic tree

Diagram showing potential evolutionary relationships among organisms across time

Character

Genetic-based feature

Plesiomorphic character

Ancestral characteristic NOT USED to build a phylogeny

Homology

Shared derived characteristics INHERITED from a COMMON ANCESTOR

Analogy

Shared derived characteristics due to CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

Are the wings of bats and birds homologous or analogous?

Homologous

Are the forelimb bones of birds and bats homologous or analogous?

Analogous

Tissue

Groups of similar cells that perform a common function

Epithelial tissue

Tissues that cover the external/internal surfaces of vessels as barriers and to aid in secretion/absorption.

Simple epithelium

Single cell layer

Simple squamous

Type of epithelial tissue where flattened, irregularly shaped single cell layer

Simple cuboidal

Type of epithelial tissue where box-shaped single cell layer

Simple columnar

Type of epithelial tissue where column-shaped single cell layer

Simple columnar

Type of epithelial tissue where column-shaped single cell layer

Connective tissue

Tissues that bind organs, support structures, and store nutrients

Cartilage

Type of connective tissue, widely-spaced cells within the gelatinous glycoprotein matrix. It provides firm, flexible support

Bone

Type of connective tissue that stores calcium and provides rigid support to overall structure

Adipose

Type of connective tissue that sequesters and stores energy as fat

Blood

Type of connective tissue that transports most anything that cells need and produce

Muscle

Type of tissue that contracts and creates movement

Smooth muscle

Type of muscle tissue with long, spindly shaped. Has no automatic control

Skeletal muscle

Type of muscle tissue that is made of long, unbranded fibers. Has voluntary movement and works with the skeleton

Cardiac muscle

Type of muscle tissue that is associated with the walls of the heart and has no automatic control

Nervous

Type of tissue that stores and transmits information

What is the species we are using for the research paper?

Tribolium casteneum (Herbst) - aka flour beetles

What was the Null hypothesis for the flour beetle experiment?

The beetles would NOT be responsive to light

How many beetles were used in the experiment?

48

What kinds of light were used in the flour beetle experiment?

LED and UV light