Mood Disorders

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Last updated 7:39 PM on 2/16/23
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43 Terms

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Unipolar mood disorder
Only one extreme of mood is experienced
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Bipolar mood disorder
Both depressed and elevated moods are experienced
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Examples of unipolar mood disorder
E.g., only depression or only mania
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Depression alone is much more common than
mania alone
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Examples of bipolar mood disorder
E.g., some depressive episodes and some manic or hypomanic episodes
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Worldwide lifetime prevalence of MDD:
16%
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6% have experienced major depression in
the last year (2022)
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Females are twice as likely to have
major depression
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Bipolar disorders approximately equally affect
males and females
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Women more likely to experience
rapid cycling
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Women more likely to be in
depressive period
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Occurs less often in
prepubertal children
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In terms of prevalence, there’s a rapid rise in
adolescents
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Adults over 65 have about
50% less prevalence than general population
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Bipolar same in
childhood, adolescence, and adults
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Prevalence of depression seems to be similar across
subcultures
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3-month-olds can show
depressive symptoms
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Young children typically don’t show
classic mania or bipolar symptoms
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Mood disorder may be misdiagnosed as
ADHD
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Children are being diagnosed with bipolar disorders at
increasingly high rates
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Similar prevalence among U.S. subcultures, but
experience of symptoms may vary
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Higher prevalence among Native Americans:
Four times the rate of the general population
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Risk is higher if relative
has a mood disorder
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Relatives of bipolar probands are more likely to
have unipolar depression
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Concordance rates are high in
identical twins
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Identical twins are two to three times more likely to
present with mood disorders than a fraternal twin of a depressed co-twin
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Severe mood disorders have a
strong genetic contribution
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Heritability rates are higher for
females compared to males
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Some genetic factors confer risk for
both anxiety and depression
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Serotonin regulates
norepinephrine and dopamine
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Mood disorders are related to
low levels of serotonin
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Permissive hypothesis:
Low serotonin “permits” other neurotransmitters to vary more widely, increasing vulnerability to depression
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Stress hormones decrease neurogenesis in the hippocampus >
less able to make new neurons
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What is the hallmark of most mood disorders?
sleep disturbance
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Depressed patients have
quicker and more intense REM sleep
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Sleep deprivation may temporarily
improve depressive symptoms in bipolar patients
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Stress is strongly related to
mood disorders
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Stress can lead to poor response to
treatment
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Stress can lead to longer time before
remission
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Gene-environment correlation:
People who are vulnerable to depression might be more likely to enter situations that will lead to stress
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The learned helplessness theory of depression
Lack of perceived control over life events leads to decreased attempts to improve own situation
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The learned helplessness theory of depression was first demonstrated
in research by Martin Seligman
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Negative cognitive styles are
a risk factor for depression

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