phonetics!

phonetics

The study of the production and perception of speech sounds

(Spelling does not indicate sound)

Linguistic Complexity

- Isolation

- Word

- Sentence

- Conversation

Response Complexity

- One Specific Sound

- Multiple sounds

- Multiple sounds in multiple positions

System Complexity

- Refers to the system you are using to assess & manage speech-sound

production

- Two-Way Scoring

- Five-Way Scoring

- Phonetic Transcription

Two way scoring

• Easiest scoring system

• "Correct" or "Incorrect"

Binary or dichotomous (either/or)

Socially acceptable or socially unacceptable

• Screenings

Five way scoring

• Describes speech-sound production as correct or with reference to

the kind of error that is being made.

1. Correct

2. Deletion

3. Substitution

4. Distortion

5. Addition

Transcription

• To describe what the child says rather than to score or judge

• Requires use of IPA

• Broad Transcription- Very general

• Narrow Transcription- More specific details

• Diacritics (e.g. devoiced, lateralized, dentalized)

/kæn ju rid ðɪs rɑɪ̅tɪŋ/

language

- A socially shared code that uses arbitrary symbols and rule-governed

combinations of symbols to represent ideas thoughts and feelings.

- Transmitted in writing, manual sign, and oral transmission

Grammar

Rules that govern how units of language can be combined to create

meaningful and novel utterances

speech

- Physical behavior that encompasses patterns of movement

of the speech structures and patterns of acoustic vibration

that these movement generate.

- Articulatory features

Actions of the speech musculature

- Acoustic features

- Description of the sound heard

speech community

- A group of people who live within the same geographical boundaries

and use the same language.

(Variations in languages do exist)

Dialect

- Usage patterns within a language

- Easier to identify in speech than writing

- Regional dialects are characteristics of people who live in a geographic area

- Pronunciation, vocabulary & grammar structure variability lead to

recognition of distinct languages.

- Dialects are not "right" or "wrong" - not considered an error

idiolect

- An individual's unique form of spoken language

- based on Regional Background, Social Class, Individual Experiences, and Cultural

Background

Morpheme

The smallest element of language that carries a semantic

interpretation -word meaning (e.g., -ing, -ed, -s, walk, dog) -a unit of grammar

Morphology

The study of morphemes

Morphemic transcription

- involves transcription of morphemic

content of an utterance.

- Valuable for language analysis

free morpheme

- Carry a specific meaning when they appear alone

examples: Bright, Rest, Teach, Happy

bound morphemes

Must be attached to another morpheme to carry meaning

Affix

Attached to a free morpheme

prefix

Affix that is added before the free morpheme (un- )

suffix

Affix that is added after the free morpheme ( -ness)

Derivational Affixes

◦ Affix that changes the meaning of the free morpheme

Un + happy = Unhappy (not happy)

◦ Affix that changes the word class of the free morpheme

Happy + ness= Happiness

Adjective + Suffix = Noun

Inflectional Affixes

Affixes that do not change the overall meaning or word class of a

free morpheme.

Lexicon

- Meaning that you acquire when you learn a language

- Not just vocabulary-- nuances of morphology and language too

Phones

-Speech sound segments

-can be phonemes or allophones.

Example: The clicking sounds in Xhosa

phonemes

- Basic sound segments (phones) that can signal a distinct difference in meaning

example: Cat, Bat, Rat, Mat

Minimal pairs

Pairs of morphemes that differ in only one

sound segment

example: Cat, Cap or Cat, Bat

allophones

slightly different phones that can be

used in the place of phonemes without changing the meaning

Morphemic Transcription

Identification of meaningful units

Phonemic Transcription

Identification of sound segments that have linguistic significance in the speaker's language.

Phonetic Transcription

Identification of allophonic variations in a speaker's pattern of sounds.

Orthography

-Conventional written spelling

- Variations: Theater vs Theatre, Colour vs Color, Grey vs Gray

Allograph

Different letters or letter combinations that represent the same phoneme.

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

-Emerged in 1800's

-Over 100 symbols

-Vowels, Consonants, Diacritics

Diacritic Marks

Special marks that indicate modification of a sound

Phonology

-The study of systematic organization of sounds in languages

-"Rules for sounds" English words cannot start with "ng", but Vietnamese

words can

Articulatory Phonetics

Study of how phonemes are formed by the movement of speech structures

Acoustic Phonetics

Study of physical properties of sounds as they are transmitted and encoded

syllable

- Brings together a collection of sounds into a unit

- Structure can be described with Cs (consonant) and Vs (vowel)

- Based on the phonetics not the way the word is spelled (e.g., digraph "ph" is a single C)

-is either open or closed

Onset

beginning of a syllable

nucleus

middle of a syllable

coda

end of a syllable

Monosyllabic

1 syllable

Disyllabic

2 syllables

Polysyllabic

3 or more syllables