Untitled Flashcard Set

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)

Model that describes gas behavior based on particle motion, neglecting particle volume and intermolecular forces.

Combined Gas Law

Relates pressure (P), volume (V), and temperature (T) for a constant number of moles: $\frac{P_1 V_1}{T_1} = \frac{P_2 V_2}{T_2}$.

Ideal Gas Law

Equation relating pressure, volume, temperature, and moles of gas: $PV = nRT$.

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

Total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of individual partial pressures: $P_{\text{total}} = P_A + P_B + P_C + \ldots$.

Wave-Particle Duality

Concept that light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties.

Wavelength-Frequency Relationship

Describes the relationship between speed of light, wavelength, and frequency: $c = \lambda \, \nu$.

Photon Energy Quantization

Energy of a photon is quantized and relates to frequency or wavelength: $E = h \, \nu$ or $E = \frac{hc}{\lambda}$.

Bohr Model

Atomic model describing quantized electronic energy levels and photon emission during transitions between these levels.

Aufbau Principle

Electrons fill the lowest-energy orbitals available first.

Pauli Exclusion Principle

No two electrons in an atom can have identical quantum numbers.

Hund's Rule

Degenerate orbitals are filled singly with parallel spins before pairing.

Effective Nuclear Charge (Z_eff)

Net positive charge attracting valence electrons, calculated as $Z_{\text{eff}} \approx Z - S$.

Atomic Radius

The distance from the nucleus to the outermost shell of electrons; decreases across a period and increases down a group.

Octet Rule

Elements tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell, resembling the electron configuration of noble gases.