Inflammation & Immune Response

Inflammation

tissue reaction to irritation, infection, or injury marked by localized heat, swelling, redness pain and sometimes loss of function. inflammation is an immunological defense against injury, infection or allergy, marked by increase in regional blood flow, immigration of white blood cell, and release of chemical toxins

where can inflammation only happen

what is tissue with blood supply

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

what is, Tumor (swelling), Calor (heat), Rubor (redness), Dolor (pain) and Functio Laesa (altered function)

what can happen if there is dysfunction of the immune system

what are fatal, allergies, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory responses and cancer

Cellular response : neutrophils and monocytes are stimulated

Vascular response : Vasodilation (rubor, calor)

Cellular response : WBCs leave the circulatory system and enter the site of damage

Vascular Response : Vascular permeability

Cellular Response : chemotaxis

Vascular Response : blood serum and WBCs leak into tissue (tumor)

Cellular Response : phagocytosis by neutrophils

Vascular Response : increased edema in the tissue puts pressure ion the nerves (dolor)

Cellular Response : Neutrophil death (forms pus)

Vascular Response : Area is protectefd, causing loss of function (funtion laesa)

Basophil/ Mast Cells

cells that release histamine, causing vasodilation

Chemotaxis

the movement of white blood cells to an area of inflammation (chemical taxi)

Eosinophils

a larger type of WBC involved in allergic reactions and killing pathogens

Lymphocytes

T cells and B cells; WBCs that respond to infection

Macrophages

large phagocytic cells

Neutrophils

a specific type of leukocyte (WBC), one of the immune system’s first responders

Phagocytosis

the process by which phagocytes (eating cells) engulf and destroy microorganisms

Serous exudate

a clear serum-like fluid containing small amounts of protein. Implies lesser damage. E.g. the fluid in skin blisters, cold sores, or injured joints

Fibrinous exudate

composed of fluid and fibrinogen; indicates a larger injury. E.g. strep throat, bacterial pneumonia, scabs

Pus (purulent exudate)

protein-rich fluid containing leukocytes, dead cells and tissue debris, and pyogenic bacteria

Pyogenic

pus forming

Empyema

accumulated pus in the body cavity

Lesion

a circumscribed area of pathologically altered tissue; an injury or wound; a specific pathologic structural or functional change brought about by disease

Abscess

a localized accumulation of pus

Carbuncle

several communicating boils of the skin and subcutaneous tissues that produce and discharge pus and dead tissue

Cellulitis

inflammation of the connective tissue, often seen un the skin and subcutaneous tissue

Furuncle

a boil; an abcess or pustular infection of a sweat gland or hair follicle

Pustule

a small elevation of the skin containing pus

Ulcer

an open sore or lesion of the skin or mucous membrane accompanied by the sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue

Vesicle

blister like elevation containing serous fluid

Serous inflammation

exudate of clear fluid (serum) with few cells

Example of Serous inflammation

Inflammation of the tissues that line your body cavities (serous membranes) and the organs there (pericarditis)

Fibrinous inflammation

fibrin-rich exudate

Example of Fibrinous inflammation

Inflammation characterized by the deposition of fibrin, a fibrous protein that helps blood clot (hence scabs) and can cause adhesions Fluffy Heart

Purulent inflammation

exudate filled with pus

Purulent inflammation (aka pus) indicates the presence

what is an infection

Ulcerative inflammation

loss of epithelium resulting in ulcerous lesion

what are examples of ulcerative inflammation

what is decubitus ulcers (bed sores)

Pseudomembranous inflammation

ulceration and a pseudomembrane over the ulcer

Characterized by formation of a false membrane composed of precipitated fibrin, necrotic epithelium, and inflammatory leukocytes

pseudomembranous inflammation

Granulomatous inflammation

a specialized form of chronic inflammation characterized by the formation of granulomas

Granuloma

an area of tightly clustered immune cells that forms around an infection or foreign body; most often found in the lungs

what creates caseating granuloma

what is containing dead cells (necrosis)

what forms noncaseating granulomas?

what is Foreign objects in tissue

Hemorrhagic inflammation

severe blood vessel damage, exudate contains a lot of red blood cells

Characteristic of Hemorrhagic Inflammation?

severe red blood vessel damage and exudate containing a large number of RBC

What cleans up the area in the final inflammatory process?

macrophages

Mitotic cells

continuously divide, can easily replace damaged tissue like the skin and internal mucosa

Facultative mitotic cells

don’t usually divide, but can when necessary. These exist in organs like the liver and kidneys

Nondividing cells

no division ever; includes nerves, brain cells, and heart muscle cells. Repair of these tissues is done with fibrous scarring

Why is regeneration the best of repair?

because it usually means restoration of normal function

what type of connective tissue reapit forms scars?

Fibrous

Primary union

happens when a wound has neat edges (surgical), causes minimal damage, and can be closed with sutures, staples, band-aids, etc.

Secondary union

involves more tissue damage and more inflammation needed to heal. A wound might be larger, or infected. Healing will take longer, cause more scar formation, and possible require a skin graft.

Debridement

the process of washing or cutting away necrotic tissue and foreign materials to promote wound healing

what are some complications oof wound healing?

what is dehiscence, keloid, adhesion, contracture

Dehiscence

what is separation of tissue margins

Keloid

what is a raised, hard scar caused by excess collagen formation

Adhesion

scar tissue sticking to the surface of an adjoining organ

Contracture

caused when the scar tissue is thicker and tighter than the surrounding skin; can restrict movement