Unit 2 Part B - Anatomical Organization

homeostasis

stable internal environment of physiological balance, despite changes inside or outside the body. goal of all systems in the body.

cytology

study of the formation, structure, and function of cells

organelles

specialized structures that enable specific functions

cell/plasma membrane

surrounds every cell, separating it from the external environment, determines what leaves and enters the cell

selective semipermeable membrane

what cell membrane is considered, as it determines what enters the cell and what doesn’t

nucleus

controls the cell. responsible for the main function and reproduction of the cell.

cytoplasm

semifluid material between the nucleus and cell membrane. where chemical reactions occur

electrolytes

compounds made up of charged particles called ions.

ions

conduct electrical currents in water or cytoplasm.

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

responsible for everyone’s unique genetic makeup

cations

positively-charged ions that create acids

anions

negatively-charged ions that create bases. bases react with acids to form salts

pH

measures the presence of acids and bases. cells and tissues function at different pH and can’t function properly if normal pH balance is not maintained

muscle cells

long, slender cells within muscle tissue. allow muscles to contract and relax

epithelial cells

flat, square cells covering the skin and lining the digestive tract and hollow organs

fat cells

contain large, empty spaces to store fat

nerve cells

long with fibrous extensions to carry nerve impulses

blood cells

vary and size and shape according to function

sex cells

the ovum (women) is the largest cell in the body. the sperm (male) is the smallest

mitosis

division of the cells, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells

meiosis

cell division producing sex cells (gametes) with half the usual number of chromosomes

genetics

study of ways in which genes are transferred from individuals to their offspring and the roles genes play in the health of offspring

genetic disorders/hereditary disorders

diseases or conditions caused by a defective gene. may be present at birth or become more apparent later in life

anabolism

building-up process in which energy combines smaller units into molecules

molecules

groups of two or more atoms that chemically bond together with specific properties

aplasia

condition in which a cell, tissue, or organ does not grow or develop normally

carcinogenesis

formation of development of cancer

endocytosis

process in which substances are brought inside a cell

eukaryotic cell

has a clearly defined nucleus

exocytosis

process in which substances are transported outside of a cell

histogenesis

production of tissues

hypertonic

having a greater pressure or concentration in a solution than a cell, causing water to flow out of the cell, resulting in cellular shrinking

hypotonic

having a lower pressure or concentration in solute than a cell, causing water to flow into the cell, resulting in cellular swelling

isotonic

having equal pressure or concentration inside and outside of a cell

lysosomes

organelles that destroy pathogens and non-functional cells

prokaryotic cell

no clearly defined nucleus

tissue

group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function

histology

the study of the structure and function of tissues

biopsy

allows a provider to remove a small piece of tissue, a portion of an organ, or an entire organ for microscopic examination

pathologist

a physician who specializes in the study of disease, examines the tissue or sections of the organ under a microscope

epithelial tissue

forms the skin covering the surface of the body, lines the internal organs, and makes up certains glands. typically characterized by the number of cell layers within the tissue and the shape of the tissue’s cells

simple epithelium

tissue with one layer of cells

stratified epithelium

tissue with more than one layer

squamous

flat layer

cuboidal

cube-shaped

columnar

cells shaped like columns

connective tissue

supports and connects organs and other body tissues

dense connective tissue

bone, cartilage

loose connective tissue

nerve cells, blood vessels

adipose tissue

aka fat, provide heat-retaining insulation

liquid connective tissue

blood, lymph

muscle tissue

contracts (shortens) to produce bodily movements. 3 major types muscle tissues

skeletal/voluntary muscle

attached to the bones; work with the musculoskeletal system to generate movement at will

cardiac muscle

found in the heart and is responsible for pumping function of the heart

smooth/visceral muscle

lines the walls of hollow organs, like those in the digestive tract; cannot be controlled consciously

peristalsis

results from smooth muscles alternating contraction and stretching motions, helps move substances along a pathway, such as digested food through the intestines.

nervous tissue

makes up the nervous system and is made of neurons, which receive and conduct electrochemical impulses between the brain and other parts of the body.

organs

structures composed of several kinds of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

body systems

groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions and maintain life. work to maintain homeostasis

integumentary system

skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

• protects body by acting as physical barrier against pathogens, harmful chemicals, and UV rays

• regulates body temp. and fluid balance

• produces vitamin d, necessary for calcium absorption

skeletal system

bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments, tendons

• provides support and shape for the body

• protects internal organs and tissues

• produces blood cells

• stores calcium and minerals

muscular system

muscles

• allows voluntary and involuntary body movement

• produces heat through energy generated by muscles

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves

• transmits messages about sensory stimuli between the brain and other parts of the body

endocrine system

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, thalamus, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads (ovaries in female, testes in male)

• produces hormones and regulates body functions including metabolism, mood, growth and development of cells, tissues, and reproductive development and function

respiratory system

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

• delivers life-sustaining oxygen to body tissues and organs

• expels carbon dioxide

• filters airborne pollutants and some microorganisms

• regulates pH (acid-base) levels in body

cardiovascular/circulatory system

heart, blood vessels

• pumps blood containing oxygen and nutrients throughout the body

• carries carbon dioxide to the lungs and other chemical wastes to the kidneys and lungs for elimination

lymphatic/immune system

spleen, lymph nodes, vessels, and tissues, thymus, bone marrow

• protects the body from microorganisms that cause disease

• maintains a proper balance of blood and lymphatic fluid in the body

digestive system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, gallbladder, liver, appendix, rectum, anus

• responsible for the ingestion, breakdown, and absorption of nutrients

• removes solid waste products from the body as feces

urinary system

kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra

• filters blood to remove waste products

• regulates electrolytes and fluid balance in the body

reproductive system

females: mammary glands, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina. males: penis, testes, scrotum, prostate gland

• allow humans to produce offsprings