UMN CHEM 1061 - Unit 1 Exhaustive Study Guide

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Last updated 3:49 AM on 9/30/26
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28 Terms

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What is a scientific theory?
A well-supported explanation for WHY or HOW something happens in the natural world.
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What is a scientific law?
A description of WHAT happens or a consistent pattern in nature.
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What is the difference between a scientific law and theory?
LAW = WHAT; THEORY = WHY/HOW.
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What is a hypothesis?
A testable prediction or possible explanation.
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What is a scientific question?
A question that can be empirically tested with evidence or data.
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What are the three parts of a scientific argument?
CLAIM + EVIDENCE + REASONING.
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What is a claim?
The conclusion reached from scientific inquiry.
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What is evidence?
The observations or data collected.
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What is reasoning?
The logical connection explaining why the evidence supports the claim.
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What is Brownian motion?
Random motion caused by tiny invisible particles colliding with visible particles.
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What does Brownian motion provide evidence for?
The existence of atoms and molecules.
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What did Dalton's atomic model propose?
Matter is made of atoms, and atoms combine in fixed whole-number ratios to form compounds.
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What part of Dalton's model was later changed?
The idea that atoms are indivisible was changed after subatomic particles were discovered.
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Why did Dalton's atomic model change?
New experimental evidence showed that some parts of the model were incomplete or incorrect.
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What experiment did Thomson perform?
The cathode-ray experiment.
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What did Thomson discover?
Negatively charged particles called electrons.
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What did Thomson's experiment show about atoms?
Atoms are divisible and contain smaller subatomic particles.
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What was Thomson's atomic model called?
The plum-pudding model.
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What experiment did Rutherford perform?
The gold-foil experiment.
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What did Rutherford's gold-foil experiment show?
Most of the atom is empty space and nearly all positive charge and mass are concentrated in a tiny, dense nucleus.
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What is the Dalton atomic model?
A solid, indivisible sphere representing the atom.
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What is the Thomson atomic model?
A positively charged sphere containing electrons, called the plum-pudding model.
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What is the Rutherford atomic model?
A tiny, dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by mostly empty space.
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What is the order of the three atomic models?
Dalton → Thomson → Rutherford.
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Why do atomic models change over time?
New experimental evidence can show that an older model is incomplete or incorrect.
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What did Dalton contribute to atomic theory?
The idea that matter is composed of atoms.
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What did Thomson contribute to atomic theory?
The discovery of the electron.
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What did Rutherford contribute to atomic theory?
The discovery of the small, dense nucleus and mostly empty atomic space.