Physical Sci- Atomic Structure

What is a matter made up of?

Matter is made up of atoms.

Where are the three subatomic particles in atom located?

The proton and neutron are in the nucleus, and the electrons are on the atom’s outer shell.

What does the pattern mean in the periodic table?

The pattern (order) of the atoms tells us three things. 1. how strongly or weakly an atom with react with another atom. 2. The atoms atomic radius, and 3. if an atom will gain or lose electrons when it interacts with another atom.

How does an atom say electrically neutral?

The atom has an equal number of protons and neutrons.

How much can each ring hold of electrons?

The Frist ring (closest the nucleus) can hold 2, the second can hold 8, and the third can hold 18 elections. The further away the stronger the electron is.

Where do electrons like to be in an atom?

They like to be on ring 1 (closest to the nucleus).

How to find the number of valence electrons in groups 1-2 and 13-18?

look at the group so for group 2 all the elements in that group have 2 valence electrons. Ex. in group 17 they all have 7 valence electrons. An atom that follows the octet rule doesn’t have more than 8 valence electrons.

How can you calculate the atomic number and mass of an atom?

The atomic number can be found by looking at an atom total number of protons. The atomic mass can be found by adding the protons + neutrons= atomic mass. Electrons aren’t added because they weigh almost 0%.

How is a periodic table organized?

It organizes by an atom’s protons. Left to right top to bottom in increasing atomic number.

How do you tell the difference between an unstable and stable atom?

An unstable atom has very little valence electrons so 1-5 and a stable atom has 8 valence electrons.

Polar Molecule?

When a molecule is formed, and therefore the electrons are disturbed evenly. This is because one atom has a larger nucleus then the others.

Hydrogen Bond?

A bond that is formed between two different polar molecules. It’s a weak bond but is just strong enough to hold together polar molecules.

Metallic Bond?

A bond that only applies to metals. It’s when atoms share free-flowing valence electrons with all of the neighboring atoms. It’s full of positively charged nuclei and negatively charged valence electrons.

Ionic Bond?

When two atoms try to combine but the electrons end up making one positively charged and the other negatively charged. One has low electronegativity and one has high electronegativity which is what gains the the electrons.

Covalent Bonds?

A covalent bond is when two atoms share electrons. They are sharing the electrons! Metals and nonmetals each, shared atoms can only hold two electrons.

In what type of bonds do atoms join together because their opposite charges attract each other?

ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds

atomic radius?

Atomic Radius is the distance from the center of an atom’s nucleus to the outer most shell. The largest atoms are in the lower left corner, there is some expectations though. The largest atom is francium (fr) is below cesium (Cs), but its atom is just slightly smaller.

Move down and to the left

Electronegativity?

refers to how an atom will attract an electron and bond with its atom. It increases as you move from the bottom left to the upper right side of the periodic table. Ignore group 18 (noble gases).

Move up and to the right

diatomic gases?

An element whose electrons bind into pairs, forming molecules.

Ionization energy?

The amount of energy to remove an electron from a single atom of an element. it increases as you move up to the right of the table.

Move up and to the right

Reactivity?

How readily a substance undergoes a chemical reaction. For metals, reactivity increases as you move down and to the left. For nonmetals, reactivity increases as you move up and to the right. Group 18 has no reactivity because there all stable.

alkali metals?

A metal found in group 1. They are shiny and soft, with a low melting point. Also very!!! Reactive and not found in nature by themselves.

Alkali earth metals?

Metals found in group 2 and are just a little less reactive than group 1.

where are metallic properties, reactivity-mentals, and reactivity-non-metals on the parodic table?

metallic properties Move down and to the left.

reactivity-mentals Move down and to the right.

reactivity-non-metals Move down and to the left.

What did Rutherford model do?

His model help find that electrons surround a dense nucleus.

Where do you find the atoms with the strongest metallic properties on the periodic table?

The Lower Left

How did Mendeleev come up with the first periodic table of the elements?

He arranged the elements by different properties to find a pattern.

Malleability meaning?

The ability to be hammered into a thin sheet of metal.

Ductility meaning?

The ability to be drawn into a wire.

Luster meaning?

Shine!

Conductivity meaning?

the ability to transmit heat energy into electricity.

reactivity meaning?

The ability to chemically react.

Where is the lanthanoids?

Uppermost of two rows that are set below the main table.

Where and what are the actinoids?

Also set below the main table. Sometimes counted in the transition metal group. They are malleable, lustrous, and conduct both electricity and thermal energy.

where are Transition metals located?

They are located in the middle of the periodic table (columns 3-12). 38 elements which are distant from ALL other elements. They tend to be very hard and dense and are less reactive.

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Where are nonmetals and what do they include?

The right side of the table. They include noble gases (columns 18), and other nonmetals. In their solid state, they are brittle, dull (which makes them unmallable), and poor conductors of electricity and thermal energy.

What are noble gases?

They are gases except at extremely cold temperatures. They are colorless, odorless, and tasteless, and they do not react with other elements or compounds.

Where and what are Halogens?

In the second column from the right. Which makes them very reactive and are rarely found as elements. They are usually found in combinations with other compounds and elements.

Metalloids. Where and what are they?

Found between the metals and nonmetals. They include (B) (Si) (Ge) (As) (Sb) (Te) (Po) and others. They are solid at room temp and are weak conductors of electricity and thermal energy.

They also can form alloys which are different than those of our metal. It’s in comb with another element.

What is (Sb) used for?

It’s a semiconductor in diodes in its pure form. Diodes are electronic devices. antimony is used in batteries and cable sheathing. Antimony is also an ingredient in pain and ceramic enamel and can color glass.

What is a semiconductor?

It’s a material that does not conduct electricity well but is better than an insulator like glass which does not allow electricity to flow.

What and how is (As) used?

Its toxic but used to preserve wood and as an insecticide. When mixed with gallium it’s a semiconductor and is used in light emitting diodes like LEDs.

Lead-arsenic alloys are used to make batteries. he small amount that naturally occurs in are diets help break down certain amino acids.

What and where is (B) used?

In fireworks to produce a green color. Boron (B) is found in chemical boric acid, which is nontoxic in small amounts and is also found in eye drops and in foods, as a preservative.

Borosilicate glass, which is a comb of boron and silicon, is used to make ovenproof cookware. Boron filaments are used in airplanes, golf clubs, and fishing rods.

What is (Ge)?

It’s used as a semiconductor in computer chips. It can also be used in fluorescent lamps and infrared detectors.

What is (Po)?

It’s the rarest metalloid. It is very radioactive and toxic to humans. Polonium has been used to power lunar rivers. its use on earth is limited to research purposes.

What and how is (Si) used?

It is the most useful metalloid. It’s used as a semiconductor in computer chips. Silicon is also used in waterproof sealants in bathrooms, on roofs, and around water pipes. Aluminum silicon alloys are used to make care engines. Silicon’s the second most abundant element in earth’s crust, mostly because of the compound silicon dioxide, which is commonly k`n`ow as sand.

What is (Te)?

It’s used to create alloys. it makes copper and stainless steel easier to machine and shape. it increases lead’s resistance to corrosion. it is added to cast iron and ceramics to make tolerate temperatures changes.

What is isotope?

Isotope is the term used when an element has the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in each atom.

As you move down in a group what changes?

The valence electrons say the same but the distance they are from the nucleus increases. so, the valence electrons might be 2 but it could be 3 rings away if it’s in period. 3.

What element would have the lowest electronegativity?

an element with a small number of valence electrons and a large atomic radius. The larger the radius the weaker the element is.

How are reactivity and electronegativity related?

An element will be more reactive if it has a very high or very low electronegativity.

What elements would react most easily together?

an element with a high electronegativity and an element with a single valence electron.

An atom (covalent bond) can have how many bonds if it already has 4 otter shell electrons?

It can form at most three bonds worth other molecules. So single, double, or triple.

What does it mean when a atoms name has -ide at the end.

The atom is negativity charged.

How to you get atoms to balance out.

You add atoms to which ever element to balance them out to 0. So, if one had 2+ and another had 1- you would add another 1- so it would be 2 -1 and 1 2+ which would equal 0.

What do elements in the groups 1A through 8A have in common?

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they all will have the same oxidation states for the ions they form