Chapter 5: The Body as a Whole

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering cell structure, organizational schemes, directional planes and terms, body cavities, combining forms, body fluids, and blood terminology from Chapter 5: The Body as a Whole.

-plasia

formation or development.

-trophy

nutrition or nourishment.

Dysplasia

The abnormal development of tissues or organs.

Aplasia

The lack of development of an organ or tissue.

Hypoplasia

The incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue.

Hyperplasia

An abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in an organ or tissue.

Anaplasia

A loss of differentiation and reversion of cells to a more primitive form, characteristic of malignancy.

Hypertrophy

Enlargement of an organ or structure caused by an increase in the size of its individual cells rather than an increase in cell number.

Frontal plane

A vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Transverse plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body or an organ into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions.

Midsagittal plane

A vertical plane passing longitudinally through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.

anter/o

toward the front; ventral.

poster/o

toward the back; dorsal.

ventr/o

belly side.

dors/o

back side.

medi/o

middle.

later/o

toward the side.

trans-

across or through.

super/o

uppermost or above.

infer/o

lowermost or below.

proxim/o

nearer the origin or point of attachment.

dist/o

far or distant from the origin (similar in meaning to tel/e).

cephal/o

head or toward the head.

caud/o

tail or toward the tail.

intern/o

inside, within.

extern/o

outside.

Prone

Lying in a horizontal position facing downward.

Supine

Lying horizontally on the back.

Supination

The rotational movement that turns a body part upward, such as turning the palm of the hand up.

Pronation

The rotational movement that turns a body part downward, such as turning the palm of the hand down.

Dorsal cavity

The fluid-filled body space along the posterior surface consisting of the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.

Ventral cavity

The anterior body cavity comprising the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity, separated by the diaphragm.

acr/o

extremities (arms and legs).

blephar/o

eyelid.

chir/o

hands.

cyst/o

cyst, bladder, or sac.

dactyl/o

digits (fingers or toes).

lapar/o

abdominal wall.

omphal/o

umbilicus (navel).

onych/o

nail.

pod/o

feet.

somat/o (som/a)

body.

thorac/o

chest (thorax).

crin/o (-crine)

secrete.

dacry/o (lacrim/o)

tear, tearing, or crying.

-emia

a condition of the blood.

hidr/o

sweat or perspiration.

hydr/o

water or fluid.

-poiesis

production or formation.

-poietin

a substance that causes production.

py/o

pus.

sial/o

saliva or salivary glands.

ur/o

urine or urinary tract.

thromb/o

clot (thrombus).

-penia

deficiency or decrease.

-osis

denoting an increase or abnormal condition when applied to cellular components.

Erythrocytosis

An abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in circulation.

Erythropenia (Erythrocytopenia)

A deficiency in the number of red blood cells.

Leukocytosis

An abnormal increase in the total number of white blood cells.

Leukopenia (Leukocytopenia)

An abnormal deficiency in the total number of white blood cells.

Thrombocytosis

An abnormal increase in the number of circulating blood platelets (thrombocytes).

Thrombopenia

A deficiency of thrombocytes (blood platelets).

Blood Composition

Blood accounts for $8\%$ of total body weight, consisting of $55\%$ plasma ($90\%$ water, $10\%$ solutes) and $45\%$ formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes).

Metastasis

The dissemination of cancer cells to other parts of the body via direct tissue extension, lymphatic invasion, blood circulation, or invasion of body cavities.

Pelvic

organs include the urinary bladder, ureterus, urethra, rectum, and anus, and the uterus

Spinal

spinal column and nerves of the spinal cord

Cervical

(neck) region

Thoracic

(chest) region

Lumbar

(loin or waist) region

Sacral

(sacrum and lower back) region

Coccygeal

(coccygeal or tailbone) region

Cranial

organs include the brain

Thoracic

organs include lungs and herat

Abdominal

organs include such stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas

Muscular

anything relating to, composed of, or affecting muscles—the specialized body tissues designed to contract and produce movement or force.

Skeletal

forming, or attached to the skeleton—the rigid internal framework of bones and cartilages that supports the body.

Cardiovascular

anything relating to the heart (cardio) and blood vessels (vascular).

Lymphatic

anything relating to, producing, or conveying lymph—a clear-to-yellowish fluid derived from interstitial tissue fluid that contains white blood cells.

Respritory

anything relating to, involved in, or affecting respiration—the biological process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment.

Digestive

anything relating to, involved in, or aiding digestion—the multi-step process of breaking down food into nutrients that the body can absorb for energy, growth, and cellular repair.

Diaphoretic

excessive sweating

Heparin/Coumadin (blood thinners)

for blood coagulation/medication to prevent it