marine sicne test pt 2

covalent bond

a bond where atoms share electrons

example: 2 hydrogen atoms share elctrons with oxygen to make h20

hydrogen bond

a weak attraction between the slightly postive hydrogen of one water molecule and the slighlty negative oxygen of another

simpler = when one moter molecule is attracted to another water molecule

salinity

• the amount of dissolved salts in water usually measured in ppt (parts, per thousand)

cohesion

the attraction between molecules of the same substance such as water molecules sticking to each other

example = water droplets sticking together = puddle

adhesion

the attraction between water molecules of different substances

example = water sticking to glass

PH

a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is

PH level below 7

acidic

PH level above 7

basic

PH level at 7

neutral

long wavelength

• light with a longer wavelength and lower energy such as red light

• the red light is absorbed more quickly in ocean water

short wavelength

light with a shorter wavelength and higher enrgy. such as blue/violet light

the blue light penetrates slower and deeper

detritus

dead or decaying organic material

isothermal

having approximately the same temp throughout

stratified

seperated into layers with different properties such as temperature or density

example - cold salty water sits deeper and warm fresher water on top

hydroxide ion

OH- associated with basic solution ( PH above 7)

hydrogen ion

H+ associated with acidic solution = PH levels below 7

oxygen minimum zone

a depth range where dissolved oxygen levels are especially low

what happens when energy reaches the ocean (from sun)

some solar energy is reflected while some is abosrved by the ocean and converted into heat. diffferent wavelengths (colors from the sun/ red or blue) penetrate to different depths

water is a polar molecule

has an uneven distribution of electrical charge

from the oxygen side = it is slightly negative

from the hydrogen side= is it slightly positive

in lower temperatures

more gas can dissolve (such as oxygen in colder water) and oppostie for warmer

higher pressure

more gas dissolves like a closed can with the carbondioxide and when you open it the pressure drops

higher salinity

less gas disolves = like in salty water

2 sources of oxygen in the ocean

1. photosynthesis , by marine plants, algage etc

2. diffusion/mixing with oxygen from the atmosphere

oxygen changes with ocean depth

near the surface theres lots of oxygen

deeper down theres low oxygen

very deep cold water oxygen can go up ( the cold water carries a lot of dissolved oxygen with it)

where can dissolved oxygen be found

at the bottom of the ocean becuase cold surface water absorbs oxygne becomes dense and then skink and carries the oxygen down into the deep ocean

percent of salinity

3.5 of seawater is dissolved salts (35ppt)

7 ions that make up 99% of ocean salts

1. chloride

2. sodium

3. sulfate

4. magnesium

5. calcium

6. potassium

7. biocarbonate

salinity fluctates (changes) in ocean by

1. evaporation - increases salinity

2. perception - decreases salinity

3. freezing - increases salinity ( when ocean water freezes most of the salt gets left behin in the liquid so the surrounding water gets saltier.)

4. melting - decreases salinity ( when ice melts it adds fresh water and wakens the salt so salinity drops)

halcoline

• a layer where salinty changes rapidly with depth

thermocline

a layer where temp changes rapidly with depth

pycnocline

a layer where density changes rapidly with depth

latitude ( how far north or south of the equator you are ) that have low salinity

• near the equator ( because of heavy rainfall_

• near the poles = the far north and south ends of earth, the arctic and antartic region (because of ice melts_

latitude high salinity

around 20-30 degrees north and south where evaporation is high and rainfall is relatively low

density of seawater can be changed

• temperature ( cold water = more dense bc they move less and pack clsoer together)

• salinity (saltier = more dense bc its more stuff in the same place )

• pressure ( greater pressure = more dense bc they are tightly packed)

equation for density

d- m/v