Simplified Construction Estimate - Max B. Fajardo, Jr.

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering construction materials, estimating methods, structural terms, carpentry, metal reinforcement, masonry, finishes, and vernacular terminologies based on Max B. Fajardo Jr.'s Simplified Construction Estimate.

Plain Concrete

An artificial stone produced by mixing cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, and water into a solid mass.

Reinforced Concrete

A composite material consisting of concrete with steel reinforcement embedded in such a manner that both materials act together in resisting forces.

High Alumina Cement

Also called Aluminous Cement or Cement Fundu, a cement with alumina oxide content of at least $32\%$ by weight that develops early high strength and resists chemical attack as well as temperatures exceeding $1000^\circ\text{C}$.

Coarse Aggregate

Crushed stone, crushed gravel, or natural gravel whose particles are retained on a $5\,\text{mm}$ sieve.

Fine Aggregate

Crushed stone, crushed gravel, sand, or natural sand whose particles pass through a $5\,\text{mm}$ sieve.

Designed Mixture

A concrete proportioning method where the contractor is responsible for selecting the mixture proportions to achieve specified strength and workability.

Prescribed Mixture

A concrete proportioning method where the designing engineer specifies the mix proportions, making the contractor responsible only for providing properly mixed concrete with those specified ratios.

Load-Bearing Blocks

Concrete hollow blocks with thicknesses ranging from $15\,\text{cm}$ to $20\,\text{cm}$, designed to carry structural loads in addition to their own weight.

Non-Bearing Blocks

Concrete hollow blocks with thicknesses ranging from $7.5\,\text{cm}$ to $10\,\text{cm}$, intended for walls, partitions, or fences that carry only their self-weight.

Deformed Bars

Steel reinforcing bars manufactured with surface lugs or deformations to increase the mechanical bond with concrete and prevent bar slippage under load.

Lateral Ties

Transverse steel bars enclosing vertical longitudinal bars in tied columns to keep them aligned and prevent buckling under load.

Stirrups

Structural reinforcement members (open or closed) that bind and maintain the main tensile and compressive steel bars of a beam or girder in designed positions.

Tie Wire

Gauge No. $16$ galvanized iron (G.I.) wire used to bind and secure reinforcing steel intersections before pouring concrete.

Lumber

The term applied to wood after it has been sawed or sliced into boards, planks, timber, or other commercial dimensions.

Rough Lumber

Lumber that has been cut from logs but has not been planed or dressed on any surface.

Dressed Lumber (S2S / S4S)

Planed lumber having smooth faces, designated by the number of planed sides such as surfaced on two sides (S2S) or surfaced on four sides (S4S).

Timber

A piece of lumber measuring $5\,\text{inches}$ ($13\,\text{cm}$) or larger in its smallest dimension.

Plank

A wide piece of lumber ranging from $4\,\text{cm}$ to $13\,\text{cm}$ in thickness.

Board

A piece of lumber less than $4\,\text{cm}$ in thickness and at least $10\,\text{cm}$ wide.

Flitch

A thick, heavy piece of lumber cut from a log.

Exogenous Trees

Outward-growing trees that add a layer on the outer surface each year, preferred for commercial lumber production.

Indigenous Trees

Inward-growing trees producing a soft central core, making them unsuitable for commercial lumbering.

Heart Shakes

Radial cracks originating from the heart or pith of a log, commonly found in old trees.

Wind Shakes (Cup Shakes)

Cracks or breaks following the annual growth rings of the wood, caused by excessive bending from strong winds during growth.

Star Shakes

A wood defect consisting of multiple heart cracks radiating outward from the center of the log in a star-like pattern.

Dry Rot

Wood decay caused by fungi attacking seasoned lumber in the presence of moisture.

Wet Rot

Wood decay that takes place during tree growth as a result of water saturation.

Board Foot

The standard unit of measure for lumber volume, equal to a board measuring $1\,\text{foot}$ wide, $1\,\text{foot}$ long, and $1\,\text{inch}$ thick ($144\,\text{cubic inches}$).

Girder

A primary horizontal structural member designed to carry floor joists or support other beams.

Floor Joist

A horizontal structural member framing into girders or walls to support flooring boards.

Tongue and Groove (T&G)

Wood boards milled with a projecting tongue along one edge and a matching groove along the other edge to produce interlocking flush joints.

Stud

A vertical framing element (rib) in walls and partitions to which exterior sidings and interior wallboards are attached.

Ceiling Joist

A horizontal framing member (nailing strip) that supports and holds ceiling boards in place.

Form

A temporary mold made of boarding, sheathing, plywood, or metal used to support, shape, and contain fresh concrete until it hardens.

Scaffolding

A temporary elevated structure consisting of wooden poles and planks providing an elevated platform for workmen during construction or repairs.

Staging

A substantial temporary framework progressively erected in stages as a tall building rises.

Plain G.I. Sheet

A smooth galvanized sheet metal typically measuring $0.90\,\text{m} \times 2.40\,\text{m}$, used to fabricate flashings, gutters, ridge rolls, and circular column forms.

Corrugated G.I. Sheet

Galvanized sheet metal manufactured with parallel wavy ridges to increase stiffness, standardly $80\,\text{cm}$ wide and used for roof covers and wall cladding.

Glazed Tiles

Ceramic tiles coated with an impervious glassy film, primarily used on interior walls and light-duty floor installations.

Unglazed Tiles

Dense, hard ceramic tiles of homogeneous composition throughout, used primarily for heavy-duty floors and exterior walls.

Terrazzo

A decorative floor topping consisting of marble chips mixed with portland cement in a $1:3$ ratio, placed monolithic or as pre-cast units and ground to a smooth finish.

Machine Bolt

A threaded fastener with a square or hexagonal head at one end and threads at the opposite end to receive a matching nut.

Stud Bolt

A headless cylindrical fastening rod threaded at both ends to receive nuts.

Gimlet Point

A sharp, threaded screw point commonly used on wood screws and coach screws to draw the fastener into timber.

Tacks

Small, sharp-pointed nails with sharply tapered shanks and thin, flat heads used to fasten carpet and thin sheet metals.

Sprigs

Small, headless nails or barbed dowel pins ranging from $12\,\text{mm}$ to $5.0\,\text{cm}$ in length.

Brads

Slender nails with small, deep heads used for cabinet work, mouldings, and interior trim.

Baluster

A small vertical upright post that supports the handrail or coping of a staircase or balcony railing.

Balustrade

A complete railing system consisting of a row of balusters topped by a handrail or coping.

Carriage

The inclined timber framing that supports the steps and treads of a wooden staircase.

Flight of Stairs

An uninterrupted series of stair steps running from one floor level or landing to another.

Stringer

The inclined side frame or beam of a staircase supporting the treads and risers.

Riser

The vertical front member or upright face of a stair step connecting successive treads.

Tread

The horizontal upper surface of a stair step upon which a person steps, including any projecting nosing.

Nosing

The rounded front edge of a stair tread that extends forward past the face of the riser below.

Paint Vehicle

The liquid carrier in paint that provides film continuity and binds pigments to the surface, containing resins, plasticizers, and drying oils.

Paint Pigment

Insoluble fine solid particles suspended in paint vehicle to provide opacity, color, gloss control, and resistance to corrosion and weathering.

Blistering

A paint failure where moisture trapped beneath the coating expands into vapor upon solar exposure and bubbles the film away from the surface.

Chalking

A paint failure in which the paint film turns powdery due to an excessively thin coating or binder degradation.

Alligatoring

An advanced cracking pattern resembling reptile hide, occurring when heavy topcoats are applied over inadequately dried or incompatible undercoats.

Halige (Poste)

The Filipino construction vernacular term for a vertical post or column.

Biga

The Filipino construction vernacular term for a structural horizontal beam.

Soleras

The Filipino construction vernacular term for a floor joist.

Sepo

The Filipino construction vernacular term for a girt.

Hardinera

The Filipino construction vernacular term for an open stringer in a stairway.