Biology Notes - Unit 1

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Taxonomy

The science of classifying living things

Phylogney

The history of the evolution of species

What are the 7 levels of classification?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

What are the two main purposes of Taxonomy?

To identify organisms and represent relationships between organisms

What are the 6 Kingdom systems?

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Binomial Nomenclature Naming System

Genus is the first part of the name, and species is the second part.

What does the “Genus” represent in the Binomial Nomenclature naming system?

refers to a group of organisms that are closely related and have similar characteristics.

What does the “Species” represent in the Binomial Nomenclature naming system?

refers to a group of organisms that look alike and can interbreed

What is a “Dichotomous Key”?

Two part key to identify an organism.

What is a Cladogram?

A tree shaped diagram that shows related characteristics between organisms.

What are the 4 different ways in which species are related? (Common Ancestry)

By similar stages of development, physiological functions, anatomical structure and similar DNA sequences.

Ancestor

An Organism from which other groups of organisms are descended.

Physiology

The study of the physical and chemical functions of an organism (example: its internal processes and the proteins it makes.)

What does a “Branch Point” represent in a phylogenetic tree?

A common ancestor

How can you tell which species are more closely related to each other on a phylogenetic key?

if they share a more recent common ancestor on an evolutionary tree

Common Ancestor

An ancestor 2 or more descendants have in common.

Most recent ancestor

most recent individual from which all organisms of the set descended

Derived Characteristic

A newer trait or feature that a group of animals or plants developed over time, which their ancient ancestors did not have.

Homology

Similarity in Anatomical Structures

Characteristics Of life

Homeostasis, Organization, Metabolism, Growth, Adaptation, Response, Reproduction

At the highest level of classification, what are the groups organisms are divided into?

Domains and Kingdoms

How do scientists decide which domain or kingdom an organism belongs to?

Based on their cell structure, how they obtain energy, and how they reproduce.

What are the 3 domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya (humans)

What are the 3 types of domains generally separated by?

By their cell type.

What are the major cell types?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic.

What domain of life fall under the major cell type “Prokaryotic”

Bacteria and Archae

What domain of life fall under the major cell type “Eukaryotic”

Eukarya

Heterotrophs

An organism that cannot make its own food

Autotrophs

An organism that makes its own food

What is the primary difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?

The Nucleus. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not

Prokaryotes characteristics

Has no nucleus (DNA floats freely), no complex organelles, and DNA from reproduction come in rings called plasmids.

Eukaryote Characteristics

Has a nucleus (DNA stored in a membrane bound nucleus), DNA from reproduction come in strands called “chromosomes”, and are 1000x larger than prokaryotes.

What Kingdom falls under the Domain of Life “Archaea”

Archaea

What Kingdom falls under the Domain of Life “Bacteria”

Eubacteria

What Kingdom falls under the Domain of Life “Eukarya”

Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

Kingdom Archaea Characteristics

Prokaryotic, Asexual, Extremophile

Extremophiles

can survive in harsh environments

Kingdom Bacteria Characteristics

Prokaryotic, Unicellular, Heterotrophs/Autotrophs, Asexual

Kingdom Protista Characteristics

Eukaryotic, Unicellular/Multicellular, Heterotrophs/Autotrophs, Sexual/Asexual

What are the 3 types of Protists?

There are plant-like protists (algae), fungi-like protists (slime mold), and animal-like protists (protozoans).

Protozoans Characteristics (Animal like Protists)

Heterotrophic and can move around w/ flagella (specialized parts)

Algae Characteristics (Plant like Protists)

Green algae live in shallow waters cause they need sunlight, red algae live in deeper waters, and brown algae are the largest and are the most complex of the multicellular algae (containing most seaweeds)

Slime Molds Characteristics (Fungi like protists)

Can move around, sometimes brightly coloured, can form fruiting bodies like mushrooms.

Kingdom Plantae Characteristics

Eukaryote, Multicellular, Autotrophs, Sexual, Cell wall (which is made up of cellulose)

Kingdom Fungi Characteristics

Eukaryotes, Unicellular/Multicellular, Heterotrophs, Sexual, Cell wall (made up of chitin)

Kingdom Animalia Characteristics

Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Heterotrophs, Sexual, Diploid

Diploid

two complete sets of chromosomes, with one set coming from each parent

Species Diversity

The variety and number of different species in a specific area

Genetic diversity

The variety of genes in a population. High diversity = better disease resistance.

Ecosystem diversity

The variety of different ecosystems across the Earth

Gene Pool

All the different genes present in a specific population

Population

A group of the same species living in the same area at the same time

Resilience

An ecosystems ability to bounce back and stay balanced after a major disturbance

Ecosystem services

The natural benefits ecosystems provide to us (i.e clean water, climate control, crop pollination)

Diversity vs Resilience

Ecosystems with greater species diversity are more resilient, produce more biomass, and better resist diseases and invasive species.

Human Actions

Interventions like introducing non-native species often alter natural food webs, leading to a decline in native species and ecosystem complexity.

What are the 3 species concepts?

Morphological, Biological, Phylogenetic

Morphological Description

Looking at the bodies shape, size and structural features

Morphological Advantages

Its simple, so its commonly used

Morphological Disadvantages

Deciding what is too much variation between individuals for them to not be species

Biological Description

Two organisms can produce fertile off spring

Biological Advantages

Widely used

Biological Disadvantages

When populations are physically separated, they cant reproduce, and cant apply it to asexual organisms or fossil species.

Phylogenetic Description

Looking at the evolutionary history of organisms

Phylogenetic Advantages

Can be applied to extinct species, uses DNA analysis so its more accurate

Phylogenetic disadvantages

Evolutionary histories arent known for all species