MT final exam

endemic

ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area

epidemic

sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area

pandemic

an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide

organic disorder

produces symptoms that are detectable physical changes in the body

functional disorder

non-organic disorder produces physical symptoms for which no disease or other organic cause can be identified

iatrogenic illness

unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment

idiopathic disease

any disease without a known cause

infectious disease

illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses

nosocomial infection

hospital-acquired infection

acquired in a hospital or clinical setting

hematopoietic

pertaining to the formation of blood cells

free edge

portion of the nail not attached tot eh nail bed extends beyond the tip of the finger

lunula

pale half-moon shape region

cuticle

narrow band of epidermis attached to the surface of the nail

nail root

fastens the nail to the finer by fitting into a groove in the skin

acanthosis nigricans

one or more areas of the skin develop dark, velvety areas of discoloration usually in skin folds

age spots

solar lentigines/liver spots

discolorations caused by sun exposure

albinism

genetic condition characterized by a deficiency or the abcense of pigment in the skin, hair, iris of eyes

melasma

brownish spots on the face

vitiligo

destruction of the melanocytes due to unknown causes

contusion

injury to underlying tissues without breaking the skin and is characterized by discoloration and pain

ecchymosis

bruise

large, irregular area of purplish discoloration due to bleeding under the skin

purpura

appearance of multiple purple discolorations on the skin caused by bleeding underneath the skin

petechiae

very small, pinpoint hemorrhages that are less than 2mm in diameter

hematoma

usually caused by an injury is a selling of clotted blood trapped in the tissues

abscess

closed pocket containing pus that is caused by a bacterial infection

purulent

producing or containing pus

exudate

fluid that leaks out of an infected wound

cyst

abnormal sac containing gas, fluid, or semisolid material

pustule

aka pimple

vesicle

small blister less than .5 cm in diameter containing watery fluid

bulla

large blister that is usually more than .5 cm in diameter

abrasion

an injury in which superficial layers of skin are scraped or rubbed away

fissure

a groove or crack-like break in the skin

laceration

torn or jagged wound or an accidental cut wound

pressure ulcer

decubitus ulcer/bedsore

open ulcerated wound that is caused by prolonged pressure on an rea of skin over a bony prominence

needlestick injury

accidental puncture wound caused by a used hypodermic needle

ulcer

an open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges

tenosynovitis

inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon

tendinitis

acute inflammation or irritation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint

hernia

occurs when tissue protrudes through a weak area in the muscle normally containing it

ataxia

lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement

atonia

lacking normal muscle tone or strength

myoparesis

a weakness or slight muscular paralysis

hemiparesis

a weakness or slight paralysis affecting one side of the body

hemiplegia

total paralysis affecting only one side of the body

paraplegia

partial paralysis of both legs and lower part of the body

quadriplegia

paralysis of all four extremities

cerebrospinal fluid

clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord.

cool/cushion the organs from shock or injury

nourish the brain/spinal cord by transporting nutrients and chemical messengers to the tissues

stroke

cerebrovascular accident brain damage that occurs when blood flow to the brain is disrupted bc a blood vessel is either blocked or has ruptured

ischemic stroke

most common type of stroke in older people

occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage or an artery

transient ischemic attack

mini stroke temporary interruption in the blood supply to the brain

hemorrhagic stroke

a bleed occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks

OD

right eye

OS

left eye

OU

each eye

intraocular pressure

measurement of the fluid pressure inside the eye

glaucoma

group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that causes damage to the retinal nerve fibers and optic nerve

macular degeneration

gradually progressive condition in which the macula at the center of the retina is damaged results in the loss of central vision but not total blindness

astigmatism

condition in which the eye does not focus properly bc of uneven curvatures of the cornea

hyperopia

farsightedness

light rays focus beyond the retina

myopia

nearsightedness

light rays focus in front of the retina

presbycusis

a gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages

conductive hearing loss

sound waves are prevented from passing from the air to the fluid-filled inner ear

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sensorineural hearing loss

nerve deafness

develops when the auditory nerve or hair cells in the inner ear are damaged

noise-induced hearing loss

type of nerve deafness caused by repeated exposure to extremely loud noises

homeostasis

body maintains constant internal environment

pituitary gland

secrete hormones that control the activity of other endocrine glands

endocrinologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands

certified diabetes educator

health care professional qualified to teach people with diabetes how to manage their disease

hyperglycemia

abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood

seen in patients with diabetes mellitus

hyperinsulinism

the condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream

hypoglycemia

abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood

pericardium

double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart

arrhythmia

loss of normal rhythm of the heartbeat

arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries

group of disease characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls

blood dyscrasia

pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood

hemochromatosis

iron overload disease

genetic disorder which the intestines absorb too much iron

leukopenia

decrease in the number of disease fighting white blood cells circulating the blood

polycythemia

cancer characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red cells in bone marrow

sepsis

life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the blood stream

thrombocytopenia

abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood

thrombocytosis

abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood

hemorrhage

loss of a large amt of blood

transfusion reaction

fatal complication of a blood transfusion if the patient’s blood and the donated blood do not match

ACE inhibitor

blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract resulting in hypertension

calcium channel blockers

cause the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures

coumadin

warfarin

anticoagulant

digitalis

digoxin

strengths the contraction of the heart muscle, slows heart rate, helps eliminate fluid from body tissues

thrombolytic

clot-busting drug

dissolves or breaks up thrombus

nitroglycerin

vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart

defibrillation

emergency use of electrical shock to restore the heart’s normal rhythm

AED

designed for nonprofessionals in emergency situations when defibrillation is required

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

internal double-action pacemaker

ensure that heart doesn’t beat too slowly

pacemaker

used to treat arrhythmia

cardiac ablation

catheter ablation

radio-frequency energy or cryoablation to scar or destroy heart tissue triggering abnormal heart rhytm

allergist

specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity

infectious disease specialist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disease caused by microorganisms

immunologist

specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system

lymphologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system

oncologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders like tumors and cancer