General Psychology Midterm Reviewer Flashcards

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Mga flashcard para sa pagbabalik-aral sa General Psychology Midterm na naglalaman ng mga pangunahing konsepto, tao, teorya, at estraktura ng nervous system at psychosexual stages.

Last updated 7:46 AM on 10/5/26
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95 Terms

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Psychology

Ang siyentipikong pag-aaral ng isip at pag-uugali upang maunawaan kung bakit nag-iisip, nakararamdam, at kumikilos ang mga tao sa paraang ginagawa nila.

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Overt Behavior

Mga pag-uugali at reaksyon na direktang naobserbahan tulad ng mga aksyon, aktibidad, at kilos.

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Covert Behavior

Mga pag-uugali at reaksyon na hindi direktang naobserbahan.

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Rene Descartes

Isang pilosopong Pranses na tinaguriang Father of Modern Psychology.

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Wilhelm Wundt

Alemang pilosopo at sikologo na kilala bilang Father of Experimental Psychology at nagtatag ng sikolohiya bilang isang hiwalay na disiplina.

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Gustav Theodore Fechner

Alemang sikologo na nagtatag ng Psychophysics at lumikha ng siyentipikong pag-aaral ng ugnayan ng katawan at isip.

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Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist at founder ng Psychoanalysis na nag-aral ng unconscious drives at childhood conflicts.

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Structuralism

Paaralan ng kaisipan na nag-aaral sa isip at sa mga estruktura nito, na itinatag nina Wilhelm Wundt at Edward Titchener.

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Functionalism

Paaralan ng kaisipan na nag-aaral sa layunin at adaptive function ng isip sa halip na sa static na estruktura nito.

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Behaviorism

Teorya ng pagkatuto na nagsasaad na ang lahat ng pag-uugali ay nakukuha sa pamamagitan ng pakikipag-ugnayan sa kapaligiran sa pamamagitan ng conditioning.

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Gestalt

Teorya ng persepsyon na nagpapatunay na pinoproseso ng isip ang buong pattern o configuration sa halip na mga hiwalay na bahagi.

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Existentialism

Kilusang nakatuon sa indibidwal na pag-iral, kalayaan, at pagpili, na nagpapasya na ang pag-iral ay nauuna sa esensya.

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Cognitive Psychology

Paaralan ng kaisipan na tumuturing sa isip bilang isang information-processing, representational, at computational system.

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Neurons

Ang pangunahing building blocks ng nervous system na binubuo ng cell body, axon, at dendrites.

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Axons

Bahagi ng neuron na nagpapadala ng mga impulse mula sa mga selula patungo sa ibang neuron o kalamnan.

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Dendrites

Bahagi ng neuron na tumatanggap ng mga impulse mula sa ibang neuron o pisikal na pinagmulan at nagpapadala ng mga ito sa katawan ng selula.

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Sensory Afferent Neurons

Mga uri ng neuron na kumukuha at nagpapadala ng mga papasok na signal o impulse (incoming neurons).

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Motor / Efferent Neurons

Mga uri ng neuron na nagpapadala ng mga palabas na signal mula sa nervous system (outgoing neurons).

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Synapse

Ang kantong o junction sa pagitan ng dalawang neuron kung saan kapag na-activate ay naglalabas ng mga neurotransmitter upang mag-transform ng sensory energy tungo sa motor response.

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Medulla

Bahagi ng hindbrain na kumokontrol sa paghinga, paglunok, pagtunaw, heart rate, at presyon ng dugo.

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Cerebrum

Ang pinakamalaking bahagi ng utak na responsable sa emosyon, pagkatuto, pag-iisip, pag-alala, at persepsyon.

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<p>Structure of the Nervous System</p>

Structure of the Nervous System

Ang balangkas na nagpapakita ng pagkakahiwalay ng Central Nervous System (Brain, Spinal Cord) at Peripheral Nervous System (Autonomic, Somatic).

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Bahagi ng ANS na responsable sa 'Fight or Flight' reaksyon, naglalabas ng adrenaline, nagpapataas ng heart rate at blood pressure, at nagpapalaki ng pupils.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

Bahagi ng ANS na namamahala sa araw-araw na kontrol ('Competition & Cooperation') at nagbabalik sa katawan sa normal na antas pagkatapos ng emerhensya.

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Heredity

Ang pagpasa ng mga genetikong katangian (genetic characteristics) mula sa mga magulang patungo sa kanilang mga anak.

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Phenotype

Ang mga obserbahableng katangian at traits ng isang indibidwal na naaapektuhan ng mga gene.

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ID

Ang biyolohikal na bahagi ng sarili ayon kay Freud na gumagana sa 'Pleasure principle', nakatuon sa pagpapalabas ng impulses, at naroroon na mula sa kapanganakan.

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EGO

Ang sikolohikal na bahagi ng sarili ayon kay Freud na gumagana sa 'Reality principle' at nagtataglay ng pride.

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SUPEREGO

Ang moral at hudisyal na bahagi ng tao ayon kay Freud na gumagana sa 'Ideal principle' at binubuo ng kunsensya.

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Eros at Thanatos

Mga instinct ayon kay Freud kung saan ang Eros ay ang Life instinct at ang Thanatos naman ay ang Death instinct.

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Psychology

Ang siyentipikong pag-aaral ng isip at pag-uugali (mind and behavior) upang maunawaan kung bakit nag-iisip, nakararamdam, at kumikilos ang mga tao sa ganoong paraan.

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Overt Behavior

Mga aksyon, aktibidad, at reaksyon ng isang tao na direktang naoobserbahan.

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Covert Behavior

Mga kilos at reaksyon ng tao na hindi direktang naoobserbahan.

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Rene Descartes

Isang Pranses na pilosopo na itinuturing na Father of Modern Psychology.

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Wilhelm Wundt

Sikologong Aleman na itinuturing na Father of Experimental Psychology at nagtatag ng sikolohiya bilang isang hiwalay na disiplina.

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Gustav Theodore Fechner

Founder ng Psychophysics na lumikha ng siyentipikong pag-aaral sa ugnayan ng katawan at isip.

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John Locke

Isang Ingles na pilosopo na kilala sa kanyang Contact Theory.

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Structuralism

Paaralan ng kaisipan na nakatuon sa pag-aaral ng isip at ng mga estraktura nito, na itinatag nina Wilhelm Wundt at Edward Titchener.

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Functionalism

Paaralan ng kaisipan na nag-aaral sa layunin at adaptive function ng isip sa halip na sa static structure nito.

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Behaviorism

Teorya ng pagkatuto na nagsasaad na ang lahat ng pag-uugali ay nakukuha sa pamamagitan ng pakikipag-ugnayan sa kapaligiran gamit ang conditioning.

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Gestalt

Teorya ng persepsyon na nagbibigay-diin na pinoproseso ng isip ang buong pattern o configuration sa halip na mga hiwalay na bahagi.

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Existentialism

Kilusang nakatuon sa indibidwal na eksistensya, kalayaan, at pagpili, na nagsasaad na ang eksistensya ay nauuna sa esensya.

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Neurons

Ang pangunahing building blocks ng nervous system na binubuo ng cell body, axons, at dendrites.

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Sensory Afferent Neurons

Mga papasok na neuron (incoming neurons) na nagdadala ng sensory information patungo sa nervous system.

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Motor / Efferent Neurons

Mga lalabas na neuron ('Me out' / outgoing neurons) na nagpapadala ng signal mula sa nervous system patungo sa mga kalamnan.

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Interneurons

Mga association neurons na nagbibigay ng alternatibong circuit at pathway; hindi tumatanggap ng sensory stimuli bilang sensory motor at hindi nagpapasigla ng mga glandula o kalamnan.

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Synapse

Ang sangandaan sa pagitan ng 2 neuron kung saan nangyayari ang stimulus at naglalabas ng mga neurotransmitter upang lumikha ng electrical potentials.

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Medulla

Bahagi ng hindbrain na kumokontrol sa paghinga, paglunok, pagtunaw, tibok ng puso, at presyon ng dugo.

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Cerebrum

Ang pinakamalaking bahagi ng utak sa forebrain na namamahala sa emosyon, pagkatuto, pag-iisip, pag-alala, at persepsyon.

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Hypothalamus

Bahagi ng forebrain na kumokontrol sa temperatura ng katawan, gutom, uhaw, at may papel sa emosyonal na pag-uugali.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Bahagi ng ANS na namamahala sa 'Fight or Flight', naglalabas ng adrenalin, at nagpapataas ng tibok ng puso at presyon ng dugo.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

Bahagi ng ANS para sa 'Competition & Cooperation' na nagbabalik sa katawan sa normal na lebel pagkatapos ng isang emergency.

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<p>Nervous System Diagram</p>

Nervous System Diagram

Ang balangkas ng Nervous System na nahahati sa Central Nervous System (Brain, Spinal Cord) at Peripheral Nervous System (Autonomic at Somatic Nervous System).

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Heredity

Ang pagpapasa ng mga henetikong katangian (genetic characteristics) mula sa mga magulang patungo sa kanilang offspring.

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Phenotype

Ang mga naoobserbahang katangian at traits ng isang indibidwal na naaapektuhan ng mga gene.

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Maturation

Ang proseso ng paglaki at pag-unlad na kinabibilangan ng kakayahang mag-concentrate, lumutas ng problema, at umunawa sa nararamdaman ng iba.

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ID

Ang biological component ng sarili na gumagana sa 'Pleasure principle' upang matugunan ang mga pangunahing pangangailangan, hangarin, at pagnanasa ('I want it, and I want it now').

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EGO

Ang psychological component ng sarili na gumagana batay sa 'Reality principle' at karangalan (pride).

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SUPEREGO

Ang ideal principle at judicial aspect ng tao na kumakatawan sa konsensya at mga moralidad.

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Elektra Complex

Ang sikolohikal na atraksyon ng anak na babae sa kanyang ama (Daughter to Father) sa Phallic Stage.

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Psychology

The scientific study of the mind and behavior to understand why people think, feel, and act the way they do.

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Overt Behavior

Behaviors and reactions that are directly observable, such as actions, activities, and physical movements.

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Covert Behavior

Behaviors and reactions that are not directly observable, such as internal mental processes.

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Rene Descartes

French philosopher known as the Father of Modern Psychology.

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John Locke

English philosopher known for Contact Theory.

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Wilhelm Wundt

German philosopher and psychologist known as the Father of Experimental Psychology, who established psychology as an independent discipline.

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Gustav Theodore Fechner

German psychologist and founder of Psychophysics who established the scientific study of the relationship between body and mind.

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Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist and founder of Psychoanalysis who studied unconscious drives and childhood conflicts.

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Structuralism

School of thought that studies the mind and its basic structures, founded by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener.

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Functionalism

School of thought that studies the purpose and adaptive functions of the mind rather than its static structure.

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Behaviorism

Learning theory stating that all behaviors are acquired through interaction with the environment via conditioning.

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Gestalt

Theory of perception emphasizing that the mind processes whole patterns or configurations rather than isolated parts.

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Existentialism

Movement focusing on individual existence, freedom, and choice, asserting that existence precedes essence.

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Cognitive Psychology

School of thought that views the mind as an information-processing, representational, and computational system.

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Neurons

The basic building blocks of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body, axon, and dendrites.

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Axons

Parts of a neuron that transmit electrical impulses away from the cell body toward other neurons or muscles.

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Dendrites

Parts of a neuron that receive impulses from other neurons or physical sources and carry them to the cell body.

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Sensory Afferent Neurons

Incoming neurons that capture and carry sensory information toward the central nervous system.

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Motor / Efferent Neurons

Outgoing neurons that send signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.

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Interneurons

Association neurons that provide alternative circuits and pathways within the nervous system without directly receiving sensory input or stimulating muscles.

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Synapse

The junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released to transform sensory energy into a motor response.

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Medulla

Part of the hindbrain that controls involuntary vital functions such as breathing, swallowing, digestion, heart rate, and blood pressure.

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Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain, responsible for emotions, learning, thinking, memory, and perception.

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Hypothalamus

Part of the forebrain that regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and plays a role in emotional behavior.

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Structure of the Nervous System

The organizational framework divided into the Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord) and Peripheral Nervous System (Autonomic and Somatic).

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the 'fight or flight' response, releasing adrenaline, increasing heart rate, and dilating pupils.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

Branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for day-to-day regulation ('rest and digest') and returning the body to normal baseline levels after an emergency.

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Heredity

The transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to offspring.

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Phenotype

The observable physical and behavioral traits of an individual influenced by genetics.

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Maturation

The developmental process of growth that includes the capacity to concentrate, solve problems, and understand the feelings of others.

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ID

The biological component of personality according to Freud, operating on the 'Pleasure principle' to satisfy basic drives and needs from birth.

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EGO

The psychological component of personality according to Freud, operating on the 'Reality principle' and managing pride and realistic decisions.

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SUPEREGO

The moral and judicial component of personality according to Freud, operating on the 'Ideal principle' and representing conscience and moral standards.

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Eros and Thanatos

Freudian instincts representing the life instinct (Eros) and death instinct (Thanatos).

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Elektra Complex

In Freudian psychosexual theory, the psychological attraction of a daughter to her father during the Phallic Stage.