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What encodes amino acids in DNA?

DNA encodes amino acids using codons, which are sets of three bases.

What event led to the extinction of dinosaurs?

Dinosaurs went extinct approximately 66 million years ago due to the impact of a massive comet or asteroid.

What is divergent evolution?

Divergent evolution happens when multiple new forms evolve from a single common ancestor.

What is convergent evolution?

Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated species develop similar physical characteristics due to similar lifestyles.

What is natural selection?

Natural selection is the process where mutation creates genetic variation, and favorable mutations are more likely to survive and reproduce.

What are homologous structures?

Homologous structures are structures in different organisms that share the same basic form due to a common ancestor.

What are viruses lacking?

Viruses are acellular organisms and lack the internal organelles found in cellular life.

What is the infection cycle of a virus?

A virus attaches to a host cell, enters, replicates its genetic material, assembles new viral proteins, and releases new virions.

How do vaccines build immunity?

Vaccines expose the immune system to antigens, prompting the production of antibodies and memory lymphocytes.

What distinguishes antiviral drugs from antibiotics?

Antiviral drugs work against viruses, while antibiotics are effective only against bacteria.

What are the shapes bacteria can be categorized by?

Bacteria are categorized as coccus (round), bacillus (rod), and spirillus (spiral).

What essential roles do bacteria play in ecosystems?

Bacteria act as decomposers and are vital to the nitrogen cycle.

What are cyanobacteria known for?

Cyanobacteria are the most abundant photosynthetic organisms and generate half of the world's oxygen.

What food products are commonly produced by bacteria?

Bacteria are used to produce cheese and yogurt.

Name a few bacterial diseases.

Bacterial diseases include the plague, cholera, syphilis, Lyme disease, anthrax, and botulism.

What defines fungi?

Fungi are eukaryotes that act as decomposers and cannot perform photosynthesis.

What is the Endosymbiosis Theory?

This theory proposes that eukaryotic organelles originated from independent prokaryotic cells engulfed by larger host cells.

What are prokaryotes?

Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus, including bacteria and archaea.

What characterizes eukaryotes?

Eukaryotes have compartmentalized cells containing a nucleus and organelles.

What are archaea?

Prokaryotes that lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls and often live in extreme environments.

What are protists?

Mostly single-celled eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi.

What are ciliates?

A type of protist that uses hair-like appendages called cilia for movement.

What are dinoflagellates?

Single-celled eukaryotic alveolates, some of which are bioluminescent in marine environments.