CPT general

Three anatomical planes of motion and sagittal plane movements

Planes: Sagittal, frontal, transverse. Sagittal movements: Flexion and extension (including dorsiflexion and plantarflexion); divides body into left and right.

Movements occurring in the frontal plane and anatomical division

Movements: Abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, inversion, eversion, elevation, and depression. Division: Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior).

Movements occurring in the transverse plane and anatomical division

Movements: Internal and external rotation, horizontal abduction and adduction, pronation, and supination. Division: Divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior).

Rotator cuff muscles (SITS) and primary joint function

Muscles: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, and Subscapularis. Primary function: Stabilize the glenohumeral joint.

Form closure vs. force closure in joint stability

Form closure: Passive stability derived from the shape and fit of joint surfaces. Force closure: Active stability derived from muscular and ligamentous compression across the joint.

Typical behavioral tendencies of postural (tonic) vs. phasic muscles

Postural (tonic): Tend to tighten and shorten (e.g., hip flexors, lumbar erectors, upper traps, pecs, calves). Phasic: Tend to weaken and become inhibited (e.g., glutes, deep abdominals, lower traps, rhomboids).

Muscle balance

The strength relationship between opposing muscle groups (agonist vs. antagonist) at a joint. Imbalances increase injury risk.

Closed vs. open kinetic chain exercises

Closed kinetic chain: Distal segment is fixed (e.g., squat, push-up, lunge). Open kinetic chain: Distal segment is free to move (e.g., leg extension, bench press, biceps curl).

Roles of agonist, antagonist, synergist, and stabilizer muscles

Agonist: Prime mover. Antagonist: Opposes movement. Synergist: Assists prime mover. Stabilizer: Fixes a joint or segment so movement can occur.

Hamstring muscle group components and actions

Muscles: Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus. Actions: Knee flexion and hip extension.

Quadriceps muscle group components and actions

Muscles: Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius. Actions: Knee extension, plus hip flexion via rectus femoris.

Concentric vs. eccentric muscle actions

Concentric: Muscle shortens while producing force. Eccentric: Muscle lengthens under tension (associated with greater soreness and strength gains).

Three primary energy systems and their primary durations

1. ATP-PCr (phosphagen): 0-10 seconds. 2. Glycolytic (fast glycolysis): ~10 seconds to 2 minutes. 3. Oxidative: 2 minutes and beyond.

ATP-PCr energy system mechanism and dominant condition

Uses stored creatine phosphate to rapidly regenerate ATP without oxygen. Dominant in short maximal efforts such as sprints, heavy singles, and jumps.

Comparison of Type I, Type IIa, and Type IIx muscle fiber types

Type I (slow oxidative): Fatigue-resistant, aerobic, low force. Type IIa (fast oxidative-glycolytic): Moderate force and fatigue resistance. Type IIx (fast glycolytic): High force, fast fatigue, anaerobic.

Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

Contraction occurs when actin filaments slide past myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere. Myosin heads attach, pivot (power stroke), release, and reattach.

Cardiac output definition and formula

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. Formula: $Q = \text{heart rate} \times \text{stroke volume}$.

VO2max definition

The maximum rate at which the body can consume and use oxygen during exercise; gold-standard measure of aerobic capacity.

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

Elevated oxygen uptake after exercise as the body restores homeostasis (replenishes phosphagens, clears lactate, restores temperature).

Anaerobic (lactate) threshold

The intensity at which blood lactate accumulates faster than it can be cleared, marking the shift toward a greater anaerobic contribution.

Five health-related components of physical fitness

Cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.

Age-predicted maximum heart rate formula

$\text{HR}_{\text{max}} = 220 - \text{age}$ (typical error range of 10-12 bpm).

Normal adult resting heart rate range

Roughly 60-100 bpm.

Resting blood pressure classification categories

Normal:

Karvonen method (Heart Rate Reserve formula)

Target HR = ((HRmax - HRrest) x %intensity) + HRrest. It accounts for resting HR, making the target more individualized.

Three anatomical planes of motion and sagittal plane movements

Planes: Sagittal, frontal, transverse. Sagittal movements: Flexion and extension (including dorsiflexion and plantarflexion); divides body into left and right.

Movements occurring in the frontal plane and anatomical division

Movements: Abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, inversion, eversion, elevation, and depression. Division: Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior).

Movements occurring in the transverse plane and anatomical division

Movements: Internal and external rotation, horizontal abduction and adduction, pronation, and supination. Division: Divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior).

Rotator cuff muscles (SITS) and primary joint function

Muscles: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, and Subscapularis. Primary function: Stabilize the glenohumeral joint.

Form closure vs. force closure in joint stability

Form closure: Passive stability derived from the shape and fit of joint surfaces. Force closure: Active stability derived from muscular and ligamentous compression across the joint.

Typical behavioral tendencies of postural (tonic) vs. phasic muscles

Postural (tonic): Tend to tighten and shorten (e.g., hip flexors, lumbar erectors, upper traps, pecs, calves). Phasic: Tend to weaken and become inhibited (e.g., glutes, deep abdominals, lower traps, rhomboids).

Muscle balance

The strength relationship between opposing muscle groups (agonist vs. antagonist) at a joint. Imbalances increase injury risk.

Closed vs. open kinetic chain exercises

Closed kinetic chain: Distal segment is fixed (e.g., squat, push-up, lunge). Open kinetic chain: Distal segment is free to move (e.g., leg extension, bench press, biceps curl).

Roles of agonist, antagonist, synergist, and stabilizer muscles

Agonist: Prime mover. Antagonist: Opposes movement. Synergist: Assists prime mover. Stabilizer: Fixes a joint or segment so movement can occur.

Hamstring muscle group components and actions

Muscles: Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus. Actions: Knee flexion and hip extension.

Quadriceps muscle group components and actions

Muscles: Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius. Actions: Knee extension, plus hip flexion via rectus femoris.

Concentric vs. eccentric muscle actions

Concentric: Muscle shortens while producing force. Eccentric: Muscle lengthens under tension (associated with greater soreness and strength gains).

Three primary energy systems and their primary durations

1. ATP-PCr (phosphagen): $0\text{--}10\,\text{seconds}$. 2. Glycolytic (fast glycolysis): $\sim 10\,\text{seconds}$ to $2\,\text{minutes}$. 3. Oxidative: $2\,\text{minutes}$ and beyond.

ATP-PCr energy system mechanism and dominant condition

Uses stored creatine phosphate to rapidly regenerate ATP without oxygen. Dominant in short maximal efforts such as sprints, heavy singles, and jumps.

Comparison of Type I, Type IIa, and Type IIx muscle fiber types

Type I (slow oxidative): Fatigue-resistant, aerobic, low force. Type IIa (fast oxidative-glycolytic): Moderate force and fatigue resistance. Type IIx (fast glycolytic): High force, fast fatigue, anaerobic.

Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

Contraction occurs when actin filaments slide past myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere. Myosin heads attach, pivot (power stroke), release, and reattach.

Cardiac output definition and formula

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. Formula: $Q = \text{heart rate} \times \text{stroke volume}$.

VO2max definition

The maximum rate at which the body can consume and use oxygen during exercise; gold-standard measure of aerobic capacity.

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

Elevated oxygen uptake after exercise as the body restores homeostasis (replenishes phosphagens, clears lactate, restores temperature).

Anaerobic (lactate) threshold

The intensity at which blood lactate accumulates faster than it can be cleared, marking the shift toward a greater anaerobic contribution.

Five health-related components of physical fitness

Cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.

Age-predicted maximum heart rate formula

Formula: $\text{HR}_{\text{max}} = 220 - \text{age}$ (typical error range of $10\text{--}12\,\text{bpm}$).

Normal adult resting heart rate range

Roughly $60\text{--}100\,\text{bpm}$.

Resting blood pressure classification categories

Normal: $<120 / <80\,\text{mmHg}$. Elevated: $120\text{--}129 / <80\,\text{mmHg}$. Stage 1 Hypertension: $130\text{--}139\,\text{mmHg}$ or $80\text{--}89\,\text{mmHg}$. Stage 2 Hypertension: $\ge 140\,\text{mmHg}$ or $\ge 90\,\text{mmHg}$. Hypertensive Crisis: $>180\,\text{mmHg}$, and/or$>120\,\text{mmHg}$$.

Karvonen method (Heart Rate Reserve formula)

Target HR = $((\text{HR}<em>{\text{max}} - \text{HR}</em>{\text{rest}}) \times \%\text{intensity}) + \text{HR}_{\text{rest}}$. Accounts for resting heart rate to provide an individualized target.

Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale function and scoring formats

A subjective measure of exercise intensity, commonly measured using the Borg $6\text{--}20$ scale or the $0\text{--}10$ CR10 scale.

Body Mass Index (BMI) measurement and primary limitation

Measures body mass relative to height ($\text{kg/m}^2$). Key limitation: It does not distinguish muscle from fat, so muscular individuals may be misclassified.

Waist circumference thresholds for elevated health risk

Greater than $40\,\text{inches}$ ($102\,\text{cm}$) for men and $35\,\text{inches}$ ($88\,\text{cm}$) for women.

Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone (PAR-Q+) purpose

A pre-participation screening tool used to identify whether medical clearance is needed before beginning an exercise program.

Informed consent concept and legal role

A client's voluntary agreement to participate after being informed of exercise risks, benefits, and alternatives; it serves as a legal document rather than a waiver of negligence.