Designer Genes: Population Genetics + Evolution

evolution, natural selection, microevolution, genetic drifts, speciation, reproductive isolation, cladograms, evolutionary relationships, HWE, phylogenetic trees

microevolution

allele frequencies chanes in a specific population and affect average phenotype

mutation causes

radiation, viruses, jumping genes, chemical, replication/Meiosis errors

selection types

stabilizing, directional, disruptive

gene flow

transfer of genetic material to population

genetic drift

random chance alters the frequency of different alleles in a population

genetic drift situations

bottleneck, founder

speciation

a new species evolves and is classified because new species is reproductively isolated, they have fertile offspring

3 ways allele frequencies change

natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift

speciation: allopatric/geographical isolation

physical barriers divide population into two, then evolve

speciation: peripatric

small group breaks off and form new species

speciation: parapatric

species spread out over vast geographical, slight geographical isolation, mini allele populations because population so spread out

homology

similar anatomical structure/genes

orthologs

homology due to common ancestor and differentiated by speciation event

what do you need to do to get good a cladograms?

practice problmes

Hardy Weinberg Law

poplation will maintain exact allele frequency over each generation unless 5 influences are introduced

Hardy Wienberg Equation → meaning of p + q

p → the frequency of the dominant allele in pop as perc

q → frequency of the recessive allele in pop as perc

HWE 5 Assumptions maintained (Big Moose Never Run South)

big population, mutations none, no migration/gene flwo, random mating (no sexual selection, selection natural none

Hardy Wienberg Equation → meaning of p² + 2pq + q²

p² → percentage of homo dominant indiv
2pq → perc of hetero indiv

q² → perc of homo recessive indiv

what do you need to do to get better at interpreting phylogenetic trees

practice questions

sister taxa

phylogenetic groups that originate from common ancestor and are close relatives

clade

a single commong ancestor and all of its descendents