EXPT 9 - CIGARETTE SMOKING & AIR POLLUTION

cigarette

it is a small cylinder of finely cut tobacco leaves rolled in thin paper for smoking. 

cigarette

it is IGNITED at one end causing the cigarette to SMOLDER *allowing* smoke to be INHALED FROM THE OTHER END which is held in or to the mouth.

the cigarette became smolder allowing smoke to be INHALED from the other end

what happens when cigarette is ignited

cigarette smoking

it *emits* AIR POLLUTANTS 10 times greater than diesel exhaust and BADLY affects human health by __INHALING DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY__. 

4000

how many compounds are present in cigarette smoke

true

the compounds found in cigarette are active, toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic

tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide

what are the most abundant ones out of the 43 compounds of cigarette smoke that are known carcinogens

environmental tobacco smoke

*it produces* FINE particulate matter, which is the most DANGEROUS element of air pollution for health.

fine particulate matter

it is the most DANGEROUS element of air pollution for health.

air pollution

it is the CONTAMINATION of air due to the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials. 

primary or secondary

origin of air pollution

gaseous or particulates

state of matter of air pollution

indoor or outdoor

presence of environment of air pollution

organic or inorganic

chemical composition of air pollution

natural or manmade

what is the 1st way source of air pollution

stationary or mobile

what is the 2nd way source of air pollution

primary pollutants

are those which are DIRECTLY __EMITTED__ FROM THE *SOURCE* into the ATMOSPHERE and remains in same form in the atmosphere

primary pollutants

it is Emitted by MANMADE SOURCES like :__cigarette smoking__, __transportation__, __fuel combustion__, __solid waste disposal__

secondary pollutants

Are those which are formed by the CHEMICAL REACTION along primary pollutants and atmospheric chemical species…

photochemical smog

it is an example of secondary pollutants that is  PRODUCED when SUNLIGHT acts upon exhaust gases

photochemical smog

an example of secondary pollutants that    REQUIRES A STILL SUNNY DAY and temperature inversion

tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrogen cyanide and other ciliatoxic agents, metals, radioactive compounds

what are the *major* components of tobacco/cigarette smoke that have been identified as MOST LIKELY TO CAUSE DISEASE

tar

it describes the PARTICULATE MATTER inhaled when the smoker draws on a lighted cigarette

tar

what is the substance that when it is in its condensate, it a sticky brown substance which can stain smokers’ teeth and fingers and stains lung tissue

benzopryne

it is a prominent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tar

nicotine

it is the most important ACUTE-ACTING PHARMACOLOGICAL agent

nicotine

it is among the most toxic of all poisons and causes addiction among smokers

prolonged exposure of nicotine which then combined with carbon monoxide

what causes *increased* PLATELET STICKINESS and AGGREGATION and *damage* to the lining of the blood vessels,

nicotine

it enables the formation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines, which are potent carcinogens

true

nicotine DOES NOT appear to possess direct carcinogenic activity itself

30-60 milligrams (mg)

what is the estimated *average lethal dose* for an adult human

carbon monoxide

it is an odourless, tasteless gas, giving no warning of its presence in most circumstances

when cigarette is lit

how is carbon monoxide formed

myocardial oxygenation

DEVELOPMENT OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE is thought that this might occur through interference with

carbon monoxide

is NOT a carcinogen, it may *contribute* to cancers and other diseases of the respiratory tract and mucus clearance mechanism instead of being cleared away

toxic substances contained in cigarette

what is remain in the airways causing INFLAMMATION and DAMAGE, impairing lung function, and increasing the likelihood of lung disease

false

cigarette smoke contains OXIDES OF NITROGEN in relatively low levels

nitrogen oxides

this gas is KNOWN to cause lung damage in experimental animals similar to that noted in smokers, and may be responsible for initiating lung damage leading to EMPHYSEMA

hydrogen cyanide

it has a direct, deleterious effect on the CILIA

cilia

it is part of the natural lung __clearance mechanism__ in humans

interference with the cleaning system of the human body

what causes the increasing of THE LIKELIHOOD OF DEVELOPING DISEASE

nicotine chewing gum and nicotine patchers

what are the other two sources of nicotine

building up a tolerance to nicotine

when is nicotine toxicity experienced?

true

Other toxic agents in cigarette smoke which directly AFFECT THE CILIA include __acrolein__, __ammonia__, __nitrogen dioxide__ and __formaldehyde__.

30 metals

how many metals are detected in tobacco smoke

nickel, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead

what are the detected metals in tobacco smoke

arsenic and chromium

what compounds are associated with cancer in humans

nickel and cadmium

what are the two compounds that are probably carcinogenic to humans

arsenic levels

what is elevated in the past due to the use of arsenical *pesticides*

cadmium levels

this level may be related to the presence of cadmium in phosphate fertilizers.

radioactive compounds

these compounds are well established as carcinogens

polonium-210 & potassium-40

what are the two radioactive compounds found in HIGHEST CONCENTRATION in cigarette smoke

first-hand smoke

refers the smoke inhaled by a smoker

second-hand smoke

the EXHALED smoke and other substances emanating from the burning cigarette that can get inhaled by others

third-hand smoke

smoke that GETS LEFT on the surfaces of objects, ages over time and becomes progressively more toxic

third-hand smoke

this *chemical deposit* seems to react with common indoor pollutants like __nitrous oxide__, creating a TOXIC MIX as it ages.  

titration

the process of chemical analysis in which the quantity of some constituent of a sample is determined by adding to the measured sample an exactly known quantity of another substance with which the desired constituent reacts in a definite, known proportion.

indicators

A SUBSTANCE that *indicates the degree of acidity* or alkalinity of a solution through characteristic color changes due to the presence of pigment called ANTHOCYANIN